Mazkur maqolada O‘zbekiston milliy grafik san’atida an’ana va ramziylikning zamonaviy yo‘nalishlar bilan uyg‘unlashuvi, obrazlar tizimi va badiiy tafakkur evolyusiyasi tahlil qilinadi. Hamda Abdulla Qodiriy ijodining grafik san’atdagi talqinlari, uning badiiy olamiga xos kompozitsion yechimlar, ramziylik, milliy an’analar va zamonaviy grafik yo‘nalishlar ta’siri tahlil qilinadi. Qodiriy asarlarining obrazlar tizimi, ijtimoiy-falsafiy mazmuni grafika san’ati uchun samarali manba ekanligi ilmiy asosda yoritiladi. Shuningdek, mustaqillik davrida rassomlar tomonidan yaratilgan kitob bezaklari, illyustratsiyalar va konseptual grafik talqinlar o‘rganiladi.

This article explores how contemporary teenagers acquire a foreign language in a digital era shaped by short-form media, rapid communication, and personalized online environments. It highlights the shift from traditional textbook-based instruction toward methods aligned with adolescents’ cognitive and emotional needs. The analysis emphasizes that teenagers learn a language not for play, as younger children do, but as a tool for self-expression—through videos, comments, and digital content creation. The article examines how fragmented attention, often viewed as a disadvantage, can support learning through short, dynamic instructional cycles. It also discusses the effectiveness of project-based tasks that transform language learning into meaningful, personal experiences. The growing influence of social media immersion, authentic communication, and creative digital practices suggests that language becomes not merely an academic subject but an integral part of teenagers’ identity development. The study concludes that teaching methods aligned with the pace, emotions, and cultural environment of adolescents can significantly enhance engagement and long-term language mastery.

This article offers an in-depth examination of the theoretical underpinnings of word formation in the English language and elucidates its significance within contemporary linguistic inquiry. Word formation represents a fundamental component of the linguistic system, facilitating the generation of new lexical units, the continual enrichment of the vocabulary, and the emergence of nuanced semantic developments. The study provides a comprehensive analysis of the principal mechanisms of word formation—including affixation, compounding, conversion, abbreviation, and blending—highlighting their functional properties, their distribution across diverse communicative registers, and the evolutionary tendencies shaped by shifting communicative demands. Furthermore, the article investigates the dynamic restructuring of English word-formation processes under the influence of globalization, digital interaction, and technological advancement, as well as the proliferation of neologisms and their growing relevance within international discourse. The findings substantiate that the morphological system of English is undergoing persistent transformation and that the mechanisms of word formation are intricately intertwined with social, cultural, and technological determinants.

Mazkur maqolada ekologiya fanining tarixiy ildizlari, uning “Avesto” kabi qadimiy manbalardagi dastlabki talqinlari hamda O‘zbekistonda ekologik ilmiy maktablarning shakllanish jarayoni yoritilgan. Tadqiqot iqlim o‘zgarishi va qurg‘oqchil hududlarda ekologik muammolarning kuchayishi sharoitida ekologiya fanining nazariy va amaliy ahamiyatini asoslaydi. D. N. Kashkarov, A. L. Brodskiy, T. Z. Zohidov kabi o‘zbek olimlarining ilmiy merosi ekologiya fanining rivojida muhim o‘rin tutgani ko‘rsatib beriladi. Shuningdek, biogeotsenoz, ekotop, klimatop kabi ekologik tushunchalarning shakllanishi va ular orqali tabiat–jamiyat munosabatlarining ilmiy tahlili amalga oshiriladi.

Nutq faoliyatimizda harakatlarni ifodalashda fe’lning grammatik ma’nolari muhim o’rinni egallaydi. Shu bilan birga, tilshunoslik fanining asosiy yo'nalishlaridan biri bo'lgan aspektologiyada, “fe'lning aspekti”, ya'ni vid (tus), harakat qanday sodir bo'layotgani to'g'risidagi ma'lumot berib, tugallangan (telik) va tugallanmagan (atelik) turlari farqlanadi. Maqolada ingliz tilining “Past Perfect (o'tgan tugallangan)” zamoniga oid jumlalar olingan bo'lib, ularning tugallanganlik/tugallanmaganlik xususiyatlari tahlil qilinadi. Buning ustiga bu jumlalarning o'zbek tiliga tarjima variantlari ham solishtirma tahlil qilingan. Tadqiqot materiali sifatida “J.K. Rowlingning "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone" romani tanlanib, o'tgan tugallangan zamon jumlalari telik va atelik aspektlariga ajratilib, ularning ingliz-uzbek tilida ifodalanish mexanizmlari o'rganildi. Natijalarda ingliz tilida Past Perfect Simple ning deyarli doim telik aspektli ekanligi, atelik aspektli tugallangan o’tgan zamon esa juda kam miqdorda aniqlangan. Masalaning mazkur jihatlari ikkala tilga oid misollar orqali yoritilgan