The automatization of the heart is its fundamental ability to independently generate electrical impulses that initiate heart contractions, without external stimulation from the nervous system. This review is devoted to a comprehensive review of this phenomenon. The main driver of the rhythm is normally the sinoatrial (CA) node, whose cells have unique electrophysiological properties, in particular, the ability to slow spontaneous diastolic depolarization (phase 4 of the action potential). This process is based on the complex dynamics of ion currents, including the "funny" current (If), calcium currents (ICa,T, ICa,L) and potassium currents (IK). The review examines in detail the ionic mechanisms of pacemaker activity, the hierarchy of pacemakers (CA node, atrioventricular node, Gis-Purkinje system) and the phenomenon of suppression of the underlying centers of automatism (overdrive suppression). The mechanisms of regulation of heart rate by the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic), humoral factors (adrenaline, thyroid hormones) and other influences (temperature, ion balance, hypoxia) are highlighted. The clinical significance of automation is discussed, including pathological conditions such as CA node dysfunction (sinus node weakness syndrome), ectopic foci of automatism, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias associated with abnormal automation, as well as approaches to their diagnosis (ECG) and treatment (antiarrhythmic drugs, artificial pacemakers). In conclusion, modern research directions in this field are considered, including the study of the genetic basis of automatism disorders and the development of biological rhythm drivers.

Bul maqalada Qaraqalpaq jazıwshısı K.Karimovtıń “Aǵabiy” romanında Antonim ham sinonim sózlerdiń qollanılıw ózgeshelikleri berilgen. Jazıwshınıń romanda antonim ham sinonim sózlerdi qollanıw stili, ózgeshelikleri mısallar tiykarında talqılanǵan.

Bul maqalada K.Raxmanovtıń dramalıq shıǵarmasında qollanılǵan frazeologiyalıq ótlesiwler haqqında sóz etiledi.

Ushbu maqola o‘quvchilarda tinglab tushunish ko‘nikmasini shakllantirish masalasiga bag‘ishlangan. Tinglab tushunish — bu kommunikativ faoliyatning muhim qismi bo‘lib, o‘quvchilarning tilni samarali o‘zlashtirishida hamda o‘rganilayotgan fanlar bo‘yicha ma’lumotni to‘g‘ri qabul qilishda asosiy omillardan biridir. Maqolada tinglab tushunish ko‘nikmasini rivojlantirish metodlari, pedagogik yondashuvlar va samarali usullar o‘rganilgan. Shuningdek, turli pedagogik tadqiqotlar natijalari asosida o‘quvchilarda tinglab tushunishni oshirishga qaratilgan amaliy tavsiyalar keltirilgan. Tadqiqot jarayonida aniq ma’lumotlar va ikki xil jadval yordamida tinglab tushunish ko‘nikmasining o‘quvchilarda shakllanish darajasi tahlil qilingan.

Ushbu ishda ortiqcha vazn va semizlikning inson salomatligiga salbiy ta'siri, shuningdek, u bilan bogʻliq bo‘lgan turli kasalliklarning kelib chiqish sabablari yoritilgan. Ayniqsa, yurak-qon tomir kasalliklari, qandli diabet (2-tur), gipertoniya, jigar yogʻlanishi, bo‘g‘imlar og‘rishi kabi kasalliklarning rivojlanishida ortiqcha vaznning o‘rni tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, ortiqcha vaznga olib keluvchi omillar – noto‘g‘ri ovqatlanish, jismoniy faollik yetishmasligi, genetik moyillik va psixologik holat haqida ham so‘z yuritilgan. Ishda ushbu muammoni bartaraf etish yo‘llari, jumladan, sog‘lom turmush tarzi, ovqatlanish tartibini o‘zgartirish, jismoniy mashqlar va profilaktika choralarining ahamiyati ko‘rsatib o‘tilgan. Tadqiqot keng jamoatchilik, tibbiyot mutaxassislari va sog‘lom turmush tarzini targ‘ib qiluvchi shaxslar uchun foydali bo‘lishi mumkin.