Ushbu maqolada ijtimoiy migratsiyaning yetim bolalar huquqlariga ta’siri tahlil qilinadi. Ota-onasining migratsiya sababli uzoqlashishi yoki vafoti natijasida bolalar ijtimoiy va huquqiy muammolarga duch keladi. Xususan, ularning ta’lim olish huquqi cheklanishi, ekspluatatsiya xavfi ortishi, ruhiy va psixologik bosim ostida qolishi kuzatiladi. Maqolada bu jarayonning asosiy sabablari, uning jamiyatga va bolalar kelajagiga ta’siri hamda huquqiy va ijtimoiy himoya choralarining samaradorligi muhokama qilinadi. Muammo yechimiga qaratilgan tavsiyalar ilgari suriladi.

Pneumonia is a form of acute respiratory infection that affects the lungs. The lungs are made up of small sacs called alveoli, which fill with air when a healthy person breathes. When an individual has pneumonia, the alveoli are filled with pus and fluid, which makes breathing painful and limits oxygen intake. Pneumonia is the most common serious bacterial infection in newborns after sepsis and is classified as • Early-onset pneumonia: Begins at or within hours of birth • Late-onset pneumonia: Begins after 7 days of age Late-onset pneumonia most commonly occurs in newborns in neonatal intensive care (NICUs) who need a breathing tube (endotracheal intubation) for lung problems. Having a breathing tube increases the risk of pneumonia. Various etiologic agents including bacteria, viruses and atypical organism are responsible for childhood pneumonia. Recent studies suggest that viruses are one of the major causes of childhood and newborn pneumonia. Among viruses, respiratory syncytial virus has got great attention and several recent studies are reporting it as an important organism for pneumonia. Lack of exclusive breast feeding during first six months, improper timing of start and content of complimentary feeding, anemia, undernutrition, indoor pollution due to tobacco smoking and use of coal and wood for cooking food and lack of vaccinations are important risk factors. Hypoxia is significantly associated with childhood pneumonia. Therefore, use of pulse oximetry should be encouraged for early detection and prompt treatment of hypoxia to prevent adverse outcomes. Among the available tools for risk of mortality assessment in children due to pneumonia, PREPARE score is the best but external validation will be needed. Children can be protected from pneumonia, it can be prevented with simple interventions, and it can be treated with low-cost, low-tech medication and care.

The determination of metal ions such as Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ in various samples is crucial for environmental monitoring, industrial quality control, and biomedical applications. This study explores the quantitative analysis of Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions using UV/Vis spectrophotometry, a rapid and reliable technique based on the absorption of light by metal-ligand complexes. Optimal conditions for the detection, including wavelength selection, reagent concentration, and pH, were investigated to enhance sensitivity and accuracy. Calibration curves were constructed to determine the linearity and detection limits for each ion. The method was applied to real samples, and results were validated against standard techniques. The findings demonstrate that UV/Vis spectrophotometry provides a cost-effective and efficient approach for Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ determination in various matrices.

Mazkur ilmiy maqolada O‘zbekistonda inklyuziv ta’lim tizimini rivojlantirish jarayonidagi zamonaviy muammolar va ularni hal qilishning mumkin bo‘lgan yo‘llari tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada inklyuziv ta’limning asosiy tamoyillari, muammolari, shuningdek, ta'lim infratuzilmasini yaxshilash, o‘qituvchilarni tayyorlash, ijtimoiy stereotiplarga qarshi kurashish va iqtisodiy resurslarni ko‘paytirish kabi muhim yo‘llar ko‘rsatilgan. O‘zbekistonda inklyuziv ta’limni rivojlantirish orqali nogironligi bo‘lgan bolalar va o‘qishda qiyinchiliklarga duch kelgan bolalar uchun teng imkoniyatlar yaratish maqsad qilingan.

Hozirgi vaqtda avtomobil transporti inson hayoti uchun katta qulaylik yaratish bilan birga, atrof-muhitga ham sezilarli darajada zarar yetkazmoqda. Avtomobillarning ko‘payishi, yo‘llarning kengayishi va transport harakatining ortishi ekologik muammolarning keskinlashuviga sabab bo‘lmoqda. Ushbu maqolada avtomobil yo‘llari bilan bog‘liq asosiy ekologik muammolar va ularni hal etish bo‘yicha chora-tadbirlar tahlil qilinadi.