Mazkur maqolada ingliz sayyohi va tadqiqotchisi A. Byornsning ma’lumotlari asosida XIX asr o‘rtalarida Buxoro amirligidagi savdo holati yoritiladi. O‘sha davrda Buxoro Rossiya imperiyasi bilan faol iqtisodiy aloqalarni yo‘lga qo‘ygan bo‘lib, bu davlat uning asosiy tashqi savdo hamkoriga aylangan edi. Biroq Angliya o‘zining mintaqadagi ta’sirini saqlab qolish maqsadida Rossiyaning Buxoro bilan savdosiga to‘sqinlik qilish uchun jiddiy harakatlar qilgan. Jumladan, ingliz tovarlari Shimoliy Hindiston, Xitoy, Fors va Afg‘onistonda asta-sekin rus mahsulotlarini bozordan siqib chiqara boshlagan. A.Byornsning yozishicha, XIX asrning birinchi yarmida Buxoro amirligida savdo aloqalari o‘z taraqqiyotining eng yuqori cho‘qqisiga yetgan. Davlat siyosati ichki va tashqi savdoni rivojlantirishga faol ko‘maklashgan. Buxorodagi bozoru karvonsaroylar, Buyuk ipak yo‘li orqali shakllangan yo‘nalishlar savdo markazi sifatida katta ahamiyat kasb etgan. Mahalliy hokimiyatlar tomonidan bozor narxlari qat’iy nazorat ostida ushlab turilgan, bu esa davlat tomonidan iqtisodiy jarayonlarga bo‘lgan faol aralashuvni ko‘rsatadi. Buxoroga Yevropa, Hindiston, Xitoy va Forsdan savdogarlar oqib kelgan, bu esa shaharning Markaziy Osiyodagi yirik iqtisodiy markazlardan biriga aylanishiga olib kelgan. A.Byorns Buxoro amirligining XIX asr birinchi yarmidagi ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy holatini chuqur o‘rgangan ilk g‘arb tadqiqotchilaridan biri hisoblanadi. Uning kuzatuvlari mintaqaviy va xalqaro savdo aloqalarini, yirik davlatlar o‘rtasidagi iqtisodiy raqobatni hamda amirlikning ichki iqtisodiy siyosatini anglash uchun muhim manba bo‘lib xizmat qiladi.

Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma) is the most prevalent primary malignant renal tumor in children, accounting for approximately 90% of pediatric renal malignancies. Early and accurate diagnosis plays a critical role in the prognosis and overall treatment success. The role of radiological imaging in Wilms tumor extends beyond mere detection; it includes staging, treatment planning, and monitoring response to therapy. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the diagnostic effectiveness of ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting Wilms tumor in children. Comparative evaluations of each modality’s sensitivity, specificity, and limitations are supported by recent case statistics and clinical findings. An integrated radiological approach can enhance clinical outcomes, reduce unnecessary surgical interventions, and facilitate personalized care strategies.

Mazkur maqolada IMEN (TRIZ – Ijodiy Muammolarni Echish Nazariyasi) metodlari asosida ta’limiy jarayonni samarali tashkil etish imkoniyatlari yoritilgan. TRIZ yondashuvi orqali o‘quvchilarda ijodkorlik, tanqidiy fikrlash, muammoga yondashuv ko‘nikmalari shakllanadi. Shu bilan birga, ta’limiy faoliyatda noan’anaviy yondashuvlar, interfaol metodlar va didaktik mashg‘ulotlar orqali o‘quvchilarning darsga qiziqishini oshirish, ularni innovatsion fikrlashga yo‘naltirish mexanizmlari ko‘rib chiqilgan. Maqolada amaliy misollar, muammo-vaziyatli topshiriqlar asosida TRIZ metodlarining afzalliklari tahlil etiladi.

This article discusses folk oral culture and its specific features.

This article examines innovative approaches to foreign language acquisition in the educational process. Special attention is given to the use of digital technologies, artificial intelligence, gamification, immersion methodology, and personalized learning programs. The advantages of online platforms, mobile applications, role‑playing games, language clubs, and Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) are analyzed.