В данной статье представлен исторический обзор развития литературного цикла как структурной формы организации произведений, охватывающего его эволюцию от ранних форм до современных произведений. Рассматриваются ключевые этапы и значимые авторы, оказавшие влияние на формирование литературного цикла. Особое внимание уделяется тематическому разнообразию и стилевым особенностям, которые характеризуют данную структуру. Анализируются взаимосвязи между отдельными произведениями внутри цикла и их влияние на общественное сознание. Цель статьи — выявить основные тенденции в развитии литературного цикла и его роль в литературном процессе.

The article deals with essential competences that are required for effective language learning and teaching in contemporary methodologies. It explores the skills essential for achieving effective language acquisition and instruction. The article highlights several key competences, including linguistic, intercultural, and subject didactic and explains how these skills work together to foster a well-rounded learning environment. Through a qualitative analysis of classroom practices, the article demonstrates that developing a balanced set of competences is crucial for both students and teachers to succeed in foreign language acquisition. The findings emphasize the importance of integrating intercultural awareness into language instruction, making the article highly relevant for educators seeking to enhance their teaching methods. This article contributes valuable insights into foreign language pedagogy and is a useful resource for both language teachers and curriculum developers.

The development of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is currently considered to be a chain of interaction between etiological and pathogenetic factors, among which the leading role is played by genetic predisposition, general changes, ischemia, primary local functional and dystrophic changes, disturbances in hydrostatics and hydrodynamics of the eye, increased intraocular pressure, vascular disorders, dystrophy and tissue degeneration. Purpose. The purpose of this study is to study the factors of endothelial dysfunction leading to a decrease in ocular hemoperfusion in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Methods. The study included 92 patients with POAG, aged 65 to 80 years. The level of lipid peroxidation and AOS, the lipid composition of the blood and the indicators of the complement system were studied before and after treatment. Conclusion. The study of indicators of oxidative stress and antioxidant status of blood serum according to the corresponding levels (high, medium and low) makes it possible to determine the risk of disease progression and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment in patients with POAG.

Translation studies have evolved significantly in higher education, with methodologies that bridge theoretical foundations and practical applications. This article explores the dominant teaching methodologies in translation programs, emphasizing their importance in developing competent and versatile translators. These methods include task-based learning, translation workshops, contrastive analysis, project-based learning, technology integration, genre-specific training, and the use of corpus linguistics. By examining each approach, the article sheds light on how institutions prepare students for the complexities of translation in professional contexts.

The article examines the individual style, creative manner of A.P. Chekhov, the features of the language of the great writer's works, to whose work scientists have devoted their research from the point of view of the onomasiological context, textual syntagmatics of works. Chekhov's language is extremely expressive in the nature of the linguistic means used, as well as in the way they are used.