Ushbu maqolada o‘quvchi yoshlarda iqtisodiy tarbiyani shakllantirishning ahamiyati hamda bu jarayonda pedagogik texnologiyalarning tutgan o‘rni yoritilgan. Shuningdek, iqtisodiy bilimlarni samarali o‘rgatishda interfaol usullar va amaliy mashg‘ulotlarning afzalliklari ko‘rsatib o‘tilgan. Mazkur maqolada umumta’lim maktablarida o‘quvchilarga iqtisodiy tarbiya berishda interfaol metodlar va amaliy mashg‘ulotlarning roli hamda ularning samaradorligini oshirish yo‘llari yoritilgan. Shuningdek, dars jarayoniga innovatsion yondashuvlar kiritish orqali o‘quvchilarning iqtisodiy tafakkurini rivojlantirish muhimligi asoslab berilgan.

Ushbu maqola “Fe’l” so‘z turkumi haqida bo‘lib, unda fe’lning asosiy belgilari, ma’nosi, shakllari va turlari haqida ma’lumot beriladi. Fe’l morfologiya bo‘limidagi eng katta so‘z turkumi hisoblanadi. Maqolada fe’lning zamon, shaxs-son; nisbat, ehtiyojsizlik, to‘liqlik va turlanish kabi muhim jihatlari yoritiladi. Fe’lning gapdagi markaziy o‘rni yoritilar ekan, voqelikni ifodalashdagi kuchi bilan birga uning sintaktik hamda leksikaviy jihatlarini tushunishga undaydi.

Legal capacity, defined as an individual’s competence to acquire rights and bear obligations, is recognized as a fundamental principle in all legal systems. This study conducts a comparative analysis of commercial capacity within the legal frameworks of Afghanistan and Egypt. The central question of the research is whether the rules governing capacity in commercial matters are similar to those applied in civil affairs, or whether there are fundamental differences between the two domains. The aim of this study is to analyze and compare the concept of commercial capacity in the two legal systems and to examine whether legally incapacitated individuals are permitted to engage in commercial activities. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical method and is based on legal sources from both countries. The findings reveal that although the foundational principles of capacity are similar in both legal systems, there are notable differences in how these principles are applied. In particular, individuals under legal incapacity are not allowed to independently engage in commercial activities, even with the permission of a guardian or curator. Moreover, guardians or curators are also prohibited from conducting commercial activities on behalf of those under their care. This study is significant because a comparative examination of these laws can enhance the understanding and application of capacity rules in commercial matters in both countries.

Mazkur maqolada Shayboniylar davlati (1500–1599) davridagi ijtimoiy tuzilma va davlat tomonidan amalga oshirilgan islohotlar tarixiy manbalar asosida tahlil qilinadi. Jamiyatning asosiy qatlamlari – hukmdorlar, diniy ulamolar, harbiylar, dehqonlar va savdogarlar o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro munosabatlar, ularning davlat boshqaruvidagi o‘rni va vazifalari yoritiladi. Shuningdek, ma’muriy, harbiy, yer-soliq va diniy sohalarda olib borilgan islohotlar mazmuni hamda ularning jamiyat barqarorligiga ta’siri ochib beriladi. Maqola ijtimoiy taraqqiyotga ta’sir etgan tarixiy omillarni chuqur anglashga xizmat qiladi.

This article explores the complex pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of kidney failure. It highlights the key roles of hemodynamic changes, cellular injury, inflammation, oxidative stress, and hormonal imbalances in the progression of renal dysfunction. The chronic activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its contribution to fibrosis and nephron loss are discussed in detail. The article also examines how inflammatory processes and oxidative damage exacerbate kidney tissue injury, while hormonal disturbances contribute to systemic complications such as anemia and mineral imbalance. Emphasis is placed on the importance of early detection and targeted treatment strategies to slow disease progression and improve patient outcomes. The review concludes with a discussion on future research directions aimed at developing novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic approaches for kidney failure.