This article explores the critical role of cytokines in the development and progression of autoimmune disorders. Cytokines, as key regulators of the immune system, maintain the balance between immune activation and tolerance. The disruption of this balance, particularly the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and insufficient anti-inflammatory responses, contributes to chronic inflammation and tissue damage characteristic of autoimmune diseases. The review discusses major cytokine families involved, signaling pathways, and their interactions that lead to immune dysregulation. Additionally, it highlights current therapeutic strategies targeting cytokines and the challenges faced in treatment due to cytokine redundancy and patient variability. Understanding cytokine involvement provides valuable insights into autoimmune pathogenesis and offers potential for more precise and effective therapies.

Ushbu maqolada biofarmatsevtika sohasida yangi avlod dorivor moddalarni yaratishda polimer asosli materiallardan foydalanish asoslari yoritiladi. Polimerlarning farmatsevtik faol moddalar tashuvchisi sifatidagi afzalliklari — ya’ni ularning biokompatibiligi, biodegradatsiyalanuvchanligi, dori moddasining organizmga nazoratli va uzoq muddatli yetkazilishini ta’minlash kabi xususiyatlari chuqur tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada tabiiy va sintetik polimerlar asosida yaratilgan dorivor tizimlarning sintezi, tarkibi, farmakokinetik xususiyatlari hamda ularning davo samaradorligini oshirishdagi roli muhokama qilinadi. Shuningdek, polimer asosli dori shakllarining hozirgi zamon tibbiyotida qo‘llanilishi, ularni ishlab chiqishdagi dolzarb yo‘nalishlar va muammolar tahlil qilinadi. Xususan, nanostrukturalar, mikrokapsulalar, gidrogellar va plyonkalar ko‘rinishidagi polimer bazasidagi dori tashuvchi tizimlar hamda ularning sintezida qo‘llaniladigan kimyoviy va biologik usullar ko‘rib chiqiladi.

So'nggi yillarda Xitoy akademik doiralari xitoylik xususiyatlarga ega bo'lgan mustaqil bilim tizimini qurishni faol ravishda qo'llab-quvvatladilar va biz boshchiligidagi Xitoy va Xitoy klassik tadqiqotlarini qurishdi va shu bilan jahon insonparvarlik tadqiqotlarining taraqqiyotini rag'batlantirdi. Dunyo sinologiyasidan dunyo xitoyligiga qadar, xitoylik tadqiqotlardan Xitoy klassik tadqiqotlariga qadar, bu nafaqat Xitoy gumanitar fanlarining etukligi va rivojlanishini belgilaydi, balki mustaqil innovatsiyalarning doimiy ravishda yaxshilanishini ko'rsatadi. Ayniqsa, so'nggi paytlarda ilmiy doiralarda "mashhur bo'lmagan bilimlarni" qutqarish va yoshartirish nafaqat dunyodagi sinologiya an'analarining merosi va rivojlanishi, balki dunyodagi xitoylik tadqiqotlarni qurishning muhim chorasi ekanligini ta'kidlash lozim.

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of nanotechnology-based medical implants, emphasizing their transformative impact on modern biomedical engineering and clinical practice. The integration of nanomaterials and nanoscale surface modifications into implant design has demonstrated significant improvements in biocompatibility, mechanical strength, and functional longevity, thereby enhancing patient outcomes and reducing postoperative complications. The research systematically reviews current advancements in nanocoatings, nanoscale drug delivery mechanisms, and biomimetic surface engineering, which collectively contribute to enhanced osseointegration and antimicrobial properties. Furthermore, the study critically addresses existing challenges, including biotoxicity risks, fabrication scalability, and regulatory hurdles that impede widespread clinical adoption. By elucidating the interdisciplinary approaches underpinning the development of nanotechnology-enabled implants, this work highlights the potential to revolutionize therapeutic strategies and implantable device performance.

Maqalada Qaraqalpaq xalıq dóretpeleri xalıqtıń tariyxı, social jaǵdayı, tariyxın kórsetiwi, xalıq arasında saqlanıp qalǵan bul muzıkalıq miyras xalıq ushın milliy mádeniy miyras, kózi ázzi oqıwshılar ushın ruwxıy tarbiyalıq ahmiyetke iye ekenligi haqqında bayan etiledi.