Mazkur maqola til birliklarining kategoriyalashuvi masalasini zamonaviy lingvistik tadqiqotlar nuqtai nazaridan ko'rib chiqadi. Tadqiqot til birliklarini tasniflash prinsiплari, ularning ierarxik tuzilishi va funksional xususiyatlari tahlil qilingan. Maqolada struktural, funksional va kognitiv tilshunoslik yo'nalishlaridagi kategoriyalash yondashuvlari mukayasa qilinadi. Natijalar til birliklarining kategoriyalashuvida semantik, sintaktik va pragmatik mezonlarning o'zaro ta'sirini ko'rsatadi.

This research’s aim is to investigate the challenges and effective methods for teaching research skills in higher education of Afghanistan. It focuses on two main questions: (1) What factors stop students from learning research skills with current teaching methods? (2) What practices, resources, and tools best improve research skills? A mixed-methods approach was used, including surveys of 27 Master’s students, 16 faculty members, and interviews with 4 professors. The results indicated that teacher-centered methods hinder skill development. 53.5% of participants expressed dissatisfaction with those methods. On the other hand, 72.1% believe that interactive methods enhance research skills, although implementation of these methods is difficult. Limited resources and lack of support from institutions are main challenges. This study suggests to its readers that using the student-centered teaching, the usage of technology, and institutional support are essential for improving research education in Afghanistan. This research provides practical recommendations for policymakers and educators. It emphasizes practical learning and faculty development in order to promote critical thinking and research.

Ushbu maqolada Abdurazzoq Samarqandiyning “Matlai sa’dayn va majmua ul bahrayn” asarini tarixiy manba sifatidagi ahamiyati hamda asar muallifining shaxsi va ilmiy faoliyati, asarning yaratilishi tarixi va voqealar bayoni yoritib berilgan. Shuningdek, mazkur maqolada “Matlai sa’dayn va majmua ul bahrayn” asarida keltirib o‘tilgan ayrim tarixiy shaxslar haqidagi ma’lumotlarni o‘sha davrning boshqa tarixiy manbalariga tayangan holda talqin qilib berilgan.

Низомиддин Мир Алишер Навоийни кўпинча шоир ва мутафаккир, давлат ва жамоат арбоби сифатида биламиз ва қадрлаймиз. Ҳолбуки, бу беназир шахснинг тафаккур қамрови жуда кенг ҳамда истеъдоди жуда серқирра бўлиб, илм-фаннинг тури соҳаларида ўзига хос қарашлар ва илмий асарлар соҳиби ҳам ҳисобланади.

The article examines the problem of climate change caused by the widespread use of non-renewable natural resources. It analyzes the environmental and socio-economic consequences of the idea of banning their use, as well as the prospects for energy transition. Particular attention is paid to the role of communication between key participants - states, scientific and business communities, mass media and citizens - in the implementation of climate change. It concludes that an integrated and coordinated approach to sustainable development is necessary.