The right position and the way of using interactive methods during English lessons for none specialized students are discussed in this article.

Ushbu maqolada xalqaro shartnomalar huquqida qo‘chimcha shartlarni tartibga solish mexanizmi va takomillashtirish tartibi tahlil qilinadi. Xalqaro shartnomalarning samarali amal qilishi nafaqat davlatlarning huquqiy barqarorligini, balki xalqaro xavfsizlik, savdo, ekologiya, inson huquqlari kabi strategik yo‘nalishlardagi barqaror hamkorlikni ta’minlashda ham muhim vosita hisoblanadi Tadqiqot xalqaro shartnomalar huquqida qo‘chimcha shartlar oid xalqaro va milliy huquqiy standartlar va mexanizmlar, Oʻzbekiston Respublikasining xalqaro shartnomalar siyosati, mamlakatning boshqa davlatlar bilan tuzilgan ikki va ko‘p tomonlama shartnomalari, shuningdek, Oʻzbekiston ishtirok etayotgan mintaqaviy va xalqaro shartnomalarini Vena konvensiyasida belgilangan normalar asosida tahlil qilinib, muhim jihatlarga alohida e'tibor qaratilgan. Amaliyotdagi real shartnomalar misolida qo‘shimcha hujjatlarning tatbiq etilishi, ularning muvofiqlashtirish mexanizmlari va xalqaro shartnomalarda aks etishi ham ko‘rib chiqilgan.

Pneumonia is a significant health concern in pediatric populations, and while its respiratory effects are well-studied, its systemic impacts, particularly on the gastrointestinal system, are less explored. This paper aims to investigate the morphofunctional changes in the large intestine of children diagnosed with pneumonia, focusing on alterations in intestinal structure and function that may arise as a consequence of the disease. Pneumonia, often accompanied by systemic inflammation and antibiotic treatment, can lead to disturbances in gut microbiota, altered intestinal motility, and changes in mucosal integrity. These factors are essential to understanding the broader effects of pneumonia beyond the lungs. Through reviewing recent studies and clinical observations, this paper discusses the possible mechanisms behind gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, and changes in the gut microbiome, commonly observed in children with pneumonia. Furthermore, it examines how systemic inflammation during infection could exacerbate intestinal disturbances and impact the overall health and recovery of pediatric patients.

Ushbu maqolada zamonaviy telekommunikatsiya tarmoqlarida markazlashtirilgan kirishni boshqarish tizimlarida TACACS+ va RADIUS protokollarining autentifikatsiya, avtorizatsiya va hisobga olish (AAA – Authentication, Authorization, Accounting) jarayonlaridagi o‘rni yoritiladi. Protokollarning texnik xususiyatlari, ishlash prinsiplari, afzalliklari va kamchiliklari taqqoslanadi hamda ularning tarmoq xavfsizligini ta’minlashdagi salohiyati tahlil qilinadi.

Ushbu maqolada tarmoq administratorlari tomonidan amalga oshiriladigan harakatlarni aniq qayd etish, ularni kuzatish va tahlil qilish maqsadida TACACS+ (Terminal Access Controller Access-Control System Plus) protokoli asosida monitoring tizimini loyihalash va amaliyotga joriy etish tajribalari ko‘rib chiqiladi. TACACS+ orqali markazlashtirilgan autentifikatsiya, avtorizatsiya va hisobga olish (AAA) xizmatlari yordamida tarmoq xavfsizligini ta’minlashning texnik va tashkiliy jihatlari yoritiladi.