Mazkur maqola til birliklarining kategoriyalashuvi masalasini zamonaviy lingvistik tadqiqotlar nuqtai nazaridan ko'rib chiqadi. Tadqiqot til birliklarini tasniflash prinsiплari, ularning ierarxik tuzilishi va funksional xususiyatlari tahlil qilingan. Maqolada struktural, funksional va kognitiv tilshunoslik yo'nalishlaridagi kategoriyalash yondashuvlari mukayasa qilinadi. Natijalar til birliklarining kategoriyalashuvida semantik, sintaktik va pragmatik mezonlarning o'zaro ta'sirini ko'rsatadi.

This research’s aim is to investigate the challenges and effective methods for teaching research skills in higher education of Afghanistan. It focuses on two main questions: (1) What factors stop students from learning research skills with current teaching methods? (2) What practices, resources, and tools best improve research skills? A mixed-methods approach was used, including surveys of 27 Master’s students, 16 faculty members, and interviews with 4 professors. The results indicated that teacher-centered methods hinder skill development. 53.5% of participants expressed dissatisfaction with those methods. On the other hand, 72.1% believe that interactive methods enhance research skills, although implementation of these methods is difficult. Limited resources and lack of support from institutions are main challenges. This study suggests to its readers that using the student-centered teaching, the usage of technology, and institutional support are essential for improving research education in Afghanistan. This research provides practical recommendations for policymakers and educators. It emphasizes practical learning and faculty development in order to promote critical thinking and research.

This article highlights the possibilities of using training in preparing future teachers to organize educational activities based on improving teaching practice, and also explains the place and role of training organized in preparation for teaching practice.

Болаларда учрайдиган ҳаракат бузилишлари марказий ва периферик асаб тизими, мушаклар ва базал ядроларнинг шикастланиши натижасида юзага келади. Болаларда учрайдиган ҳаракат бузилишлари турлича клиник кўринишларга эга бўлганлиги сабабли, тўғри ташхис қўйиш учун аниқ ва тизимли дифференциал диагностика ўтказиш зарур. Ушбу мақолада ҳаракат бузилишларининг асосий турлари, церабрал фалаж, мушак дистрофиялари, экстрапирамидал бузилишлар, атаксия ва психоген ҳаракат бузилишларининг асосий фарқловчи клиник белгилари, уларнинг статистик тарқалиши ва диагностика мезонлари таҳлил қилинган.

Maqolada ona tili darslarida milliy qadriyatlar orqali o‘quvchilarga tarbiyaviy ta’sir ko‘rsatish usullari yoritiladi. Matn tanlovi, maqollar, sahnalashtirish va fanlararo integratsiya orqali yosh avlodda vatanparvarlik, halollik, mehr-oqibat kabi fazilatlar shakllantiriladi.