Mazkur maqolada ingliz sayyohi va tadqiqotchisi A. Byornsning ma’lumotlari asosida XIX asr o‘rtalarida Buxoro amirligidagi savdo holati yoritiladi. O‘sha davrda Buxoro Rossiya imperiyasi bilan faol iqtisodiy aloqalarni yo‘lga qo‘ygan bo‘lib, bu davlat uning asosiy tashqi savdo hamkoriga aylangan edi. Biroq Angliya o‘zining mintaqadagi ta’sirini saqlab qolish maqsadida Rossiyaning Buxoro bilan savdosiga to‘sqinlik qilish uchun jiddiy harakatlar qilgan. Jumladan, ingliz tovarlari Shimoliy Hindiston, Xitoy, Fors va Afg‘onistonda asta-sekin rus mahsulotlarini bozordan siqib chiqara boshlagan. A.Byornsning yozishicha, XIX asrning birinchi yarmida Buxoro amirligida savdo aloqalari o‘z taraqqiyotining eng yuqori cho‘qqisiga yetgan. Davlat siyosati ichki va tashqi savdoni rivojlantirishga faol ko‘maklashgan. Buxorodagi bozoru karvonsaroylar, Buyuk ipak yo‘li orqali shakllangan yo‘nalishlar savdo markazi sifatida katta ahamiyat kasb etgan. Mahalliy hokimiyatlar tomonidan bozor narxlari qat’iy nazorat ostida ushlab turilgan, bu esa davlat tomonidan iqtisodiy jarayonlarga bo‘lgan faol aralashuvni ko‘rsatadi. Buxoroga Yevropa, Hindiston, Xitoy va Forsdan savdogarlar oqib kelgan, bu esa shaharning Markaziy Osiyodagi yirik iqtisodiy markazlardan biriga aylanishiga olib kelgan. A.Byorns Buxoro amirligining XIX asr birinchi yarmidagi ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy holatini chuqur o‘rgangan ilk g‘arb tadqiqotchilaridan biri hisoblanadi. Uning kuzatuvlari mintaqaviy va xalqaro savdo aloqalarini, yirik davlatlar o‘rtasidagi iqtisodiy raqobatni hamda amirlikning ichki iqtisodiy siyosatini anglash uchun muhim manba bo‘lib xizmat qiladi.

This article explores Iran-Ottoman relations during the Qajar era (1794–1925), highlighting both cooperation and competition between the two neighbors. Their collaboration brought significant achievements in economy, culture, politics, and security, while conflicts—mainly rooted in border issues, ethnic minorities, and foreign interventions (particularly Russian and British)—often led to wars. Despite these tensions, efforts to maintain peaceful relations marked this era as relatively stable compared to earlier periods like the Safavid, Afsharid, and Zand dynasties. Key events such as the First and Second Treaties of Erzurum reflect the deepening of bilateral ties. Although full success was not achieved, this period holds a notable place in the history of both nations for fostering cooperation in political, cultural, economic, and military spheres. The study adopts a descriptive and library-based research approach, concluding that these shared interests are strong foundations for continued collaboration.

This article discusses folk oral culture and its specific features.

This article examines innovative approaches to foreign language acquisition in the educational process. Special attention is given to the use of digital technologies, artificial intelligence, gamification, immersion methodology, and personalized learning programs. The advantages of online platforms, mobile applications, role‑playing games, language clubs, and Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) are analyzed.

Ushbu maqolada didaktik o‘yinlarning bolalar rivojlanishidagi ahamiyati yoritilgan. Xususan, o‘yinlar orqali bolalarning bilish faoliyati, nutqi, tafakkuri, xotirasi va emotsional salohiyati qanday shakllanishi tahlil etilgan. Maqolada turli yosh guruhlariga mos didaktik o‘yin turlari, ularning pedagogik maqsadlari va samaralari misollar bilan asoslab berilgan. Shuningdek, zamonaviy texnologiyalarga asoslangan interaktiv o‘yinlarning ta’limdagi o‘rni va natijadorligi amaliy tajribalar asosida ko‘rsatib o‘tilgan.