The civil liability of physicians in Islamic jurisprudence and the statutory laws of Afghanistan is one of the complex and sensitive issues in medical law, referring to the responsibility of doctors towards patients and the consequences resulting from their medical actions. Civil liability of a physician means their obligation to compensate for financial, physical, or emotional damages caused to patients. This liability typically arises when a doctor fails to fulfill their duties or performs unauthorized or negligent medical procedures. The aim of this study is to examine the conditions and circumstances under which physicians are held civilly liable under Islamic jurisprudence and Afghan statutory law. The central question of this research is: under what conditions and circumstances is a physician liable according to Islamic jurisprudence and Afghanistan’s laws? It appears that if a physician causes harm to a patient due to negligence, lack of caution, or excessive treatment, they are considered liable. This research is conducted through library-based sources and employs a descriptive-analytical method. The findings indicate that a physician cannot be deemed absolutely liable or entirely acquitted; rather, they are liable in cases where they fail to obtain prior consent (discharge of liability), lack sufficient expertise, or commit negligence. Otherwise, they are not considered liable.

Ushbudagi shaxsiy tarixiy jamiyati tarkibi, uningy ildizlari va maqola bosqichlari tahlili. shaxs, yig'ilish, miting va namoyishlar huquqi fuqarolik jamiyatining ajralmas elementi sifatida ko'rib chiqiladi. Sharq va G'arb tafakkuridagi fuqarolik jamiyati talqinlari o'ziga xos farqlar yoritilib, O'zbekistonga tegishli e'tibor qaratiladi. , "Farolarning mitinglari, yig'ilishlari va namoyishlari to'g'risida"gi qonun loyihasining mazmuni, asosiy prinsip va taktikaviy tahlili. Ushbu maqola xodimlarining ijtimoiy faolligi, o'ziga xos uyg'unlikni ochib tashlash va qonunchilik amaliyoti.

Ушбу мақолада таэквондочиларни жисмоний ва психик машғулотлар инсоннинг ўзига ҳам яширин бўлган индивидуал қобилиятлари ва имкониятларини тўлиқ намоён этиш масала ва муаммолари ҳақида фикр билдирилган.

In an increasingly globalized world, accurate translation plays a vital role in fostering effective intercultural communication. This paper explores how mistranslations can significantly hinder cross-cultural understanding, resulting in social, political, and commercial missteps. Drawing on the foundational theories of Nida (1964) and Hofstede (2001), the study emphasizes the need for careful navigation of linguistic and cultural nuances. Notable examples—such as the mistranslation of political speeches or marketing slogans—demonstrate how even minor errors can lead to offense or distort intended meanings. For instance, Pepsi’s slogan “Come alive with the Pepsi generation” was once mistranslated into Chinese as “Pepsi brings your ancestors back from the grave,” causing confusion and cultural dissonance. Similarly, diplomatic translation errors—like Khrushchev’s infamous phrase “We will bury you” during the Cold War—illustrate the potentially dangerous consequences of inaccurate interpretation. This research highlights the importance of cultural competence in translation, referencing Baker’s (1992) insights on pragmatic failure and Venuti’s (1995) concepts of domestication and foreignization. By analyzing real-world cases alongside translation theory, the paper advocates for the integration of intercultural training in translator education and the implementation of stricter quality assurance mechanisms within international communication settings. Ultimately, it concludes that accurate translation is not merely a linguistic task but a powerful bridge—or, when handled poorly, a barrier—between cultures.

This article explores the development of compositional techniques in contemporary classical music from the late 20th to the early 21st century. It offers a concise overview and explanation of various stylistic trends that emerged during this period. The article highlights the pioneers and key figures behind these movements, emphasizing how modern composers responded to shifts in aesthetics, science, and society.