Mazkur maqolada Shayboniylar davlati (1500–1599) davridagi ijtimoiy tuzilma va davlat tomonidan amalga oshirilgan islohotlar tarixiy manbalar asosida tahlil qilinadi. Jamiyatning asosiy qatlamlari – hukmdorlar, diniy ulamolar, harbiylar, dehqonlar va savdogarlar o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro munosabatlar, ularning davlat boshqaruvidagi o‘rni va vazifalari yoritiladi. Shuningdek, ma’muriy, harbiy, yer-soliq va diniy sohalarda olib borilgan islohotlar mazmuni hamda ularning jamiyat barqarorligiga ta’siri ochib beriladi. Maqola ijtimoiy taraqqiyotga ta’sir etgan tarixiy omillarni chuqur anglashga xizmat qiladi.

This article explores the complex pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of kidney failure. It highlights the key roles of hemodynamic changes, cellular injury, inflammation, oxidative stress, and hormonal imbalances in the progression of renal dysfunction. The chronic activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its contribution to fibrosis and nephron loss are discussed in detail. The article also examines how inflammatory processes and oxidative damage exacerbate kidney tissue injury, while hormonal disturbances contribute to systemic complications such as anemia and mineral imbalance. Emphasis is placed on the importance of early detection and targeted treatment strategies to slow disease progression and improve patient outcomes. The review concludes with a discussion on future research directions aimed at developing novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic approaches for kidney failure.

Bul maqalada emocional sharshaw sindromı (burnout) túsinigi, onıń qáliplesiw sebepleri hám ásirese, sociallıq belsendilik penen baylanıslı júzege keletuǵın psixologiyalıq hám fiziologiyalıq qáwip-qáterler tallanǵan. Sonday-aq, sindromnıń aldın alıw boyınsha usınıslar da berilgen.

This article discusses the issues of managing energy sources in modern communication systems through adaptive control models to improve energy efficiency. The possibility of evaluating the energy supply state in real-time, considering the variability of the load and external factors, and developing optimal control strategies is analyzed.

Ushbu maqola Mirzo Ulug'bekning iqtisodiy va ilmiy merosini tangalar zarbi orqali yoritishga bag‘ishlangan. Ulug'bek O‘rta Osiyo tarixidagi yirik olim va hukmdor sifatida nafaqat astronomiya va matematika sohalarida, balki iqtisodiy rivojlanishda ham muhim rol o‘ynagan.Ushbu maqola Mirzo Ulug'bekning iqtisodiy va ilmiy merosini tangalar zarbi orqali yoritishga bag‘ishlangan. Ulug'bek O‘rta Osiyo tarixidagi yirik olim va hukmdor sifatida nafaqat astronomiya va matematika sohalarida, balki iqtisodiy rivojlanishda ham muhim rol o‘ynagan.