In an increasingly globalized world, accurate translation plays a vital role in fostering effective intercultural communication. This paper explores how mistranslations can significantly hinder cross-cultural understanding, resulting in social, political, and commercial missteps. Drawing on the foundational theories of Nida (1964) and Hofstede (2001), the study emphasizes the need for careful navigation of linguistic and cultural nuances. Notable examples—such as the mistranslation of political speeches or marketing slogans—demonstrate how even minor errors can lead to offense or distort intended meanings. For instance, Pepsi’s slogan “Come alive with the Pepsi generation” was once mistranslated into Chinese as “Pepsi brings your ancestors back from the grave,” causing confusion and cultural dissonance. Similarly, diplomatic translation errors—like Khrushchev’s infamous phrase “We will bury you” during the Cold War—illustrate the potentially dangerous consequences of inaccurate interpretation. This research highlights the importance of cultural competence in translation, referencing Baker’s (1992) insights on pragmatic failure and Venuti’s (1995) concepts of domestication and foreignization. By analyzing real-world cases alongside translation theory, the paper advocates for the integration of intercultural training in translator education and the implementation of stricter quality assurance mechanisms within international communication settings. Ultimately, it concludes that accurate translation is not merely a linguistic task but a powerful bridge—or, when handled poorly, a barrier—between cultures.

Ushbu maqolada funksiyaning egilish nuqtalari tushunchasi, ularni aniqlash mezonlari hamda bu nuqtalarning funksiyalar grafigidagi ahamiyati yoritilgan. Maqolada ikkinchi tartibli hosila yordamida egilish nuqtasini topish usuli, qavariqlik va botiqlik atamalari bilan bog‘liq nazariy asoslar va misollar orqali mavzuning amaliy tomoni ko‘rsatib berilgan. Mazkur ish o‘quvchilarga va talabalar uchun funksiyalar grafigini tahlil qilish ko‘nikmalarini rivojlantirishga yordam beradi.

This study examines the historical and cultural background of English metaphors, focusing on how different eras and cultural shifts have influenced metaphorical language in English literature and communication. Metaphors, as fundamental elements of human cognition and linguistic expression, reflect the collective experiences, beliefs, and traditions of a society. By tracing the development of metaphors from ancient Anglo-Saxon times through the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and into modern English usage, the study reveals how historical events, philosophical movements, and cultural transformations shaped the metaphorical worldview of English speakers. The research emphasizes the role of religion, mythology, exploration, industrialization, and globalization in enriching and diversifying metaphorical expressions. Through the analysis of various literary works, speeches, and everyday language, the study highlights how metaphors serve not only as artistic tools but also as mirrors of historical consciousness and cultural identity. Special attention is given to the way metaphors evolved alongside changes in social structures, technological advancements, and political ideologies.

Mazkur maqolada tasviriy san’atning asosiy janrlari portret, manzara, natyurmort va mavzuli kompozitsiyalarda kompozitsiya ishlashning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari o‘rganib chiqilib, tahlil qilindi. Har bir janrda kompozitsion usullar, undagi mazmun, ifoda, kompozitsion tuzilma va g‘oya berishdagi roli hamda ahamiyati yoritiladi, shuningdek, bo‘lajak rassomlar o‘zlashtirishi lozim bo‘lgan amaliy ishlashga o‘rgatish usullari kabi masalalarga e’tibor qaratilgan.

Maqolada kiberterrorizm transchegaraviy xususiyatga ega bo’lganligi sababli, uning ko’rinishlari davlatlar o’rtasidagi munosabatlarning yomonlashishiga, iqtisodiy va diplomatik aloqalarning buzilishiga, davlatlararo tashkilotlar faoliyatiga to’sqinlik qilishi mumkinligi masalalari muhokama qilinadi. Kiberterroristik harakatini amalga oshirish uchun turli hil usullar foydalanish mumkinligi, asosan, kiberhujum, kiberterror akti, kiberjinoyat, kibermakon kabi tushunchalar tafsiflanadi. Shuningdek, bugungi kunda kiberterrorizm tahdidi turli davlatlarni unga qarshi kurashda hamkorlik qilishga ehtiyojining ortib borishida alohida o’rin tutadi.