Qon organizmning eng muhim to’qimalaridan biridir. Qon, limfa va to’qimalar aro suyuqligi organizmning ichki muhitini tashkil qiladi. Organizmning barcha to’qima va hujayralari fizik-kimyoviy xossalari va tarkibi nisbatan doimiy bo’ladigan ana shu suyuqliklarning muhitidagina normal yashay oladi. Issiq qonli (gomoyoterm) hayvonlar qoni uzoq davom etgan evolyutsiya mahsulidir. Oddiy bir hujayrali hayvonlarda qon yo’q. Ular hayoti uchun zarur moddalarni hujayra po’sti orqali oladi, chiqindi keraksiz moddalarni ham ana shu yo’l orqali chiqarib tashlaydi. Zoologik silsilaning pastki bosqichlarida turadigan hayvonlarning tomirlari ichida suvsimon suyuqlik-gidrolimfa oqadi. Uning tarkibida oqsillar va boshqa azotli moddalar kam bo’ladi. Bir muncha yuqoriroq taraqqiy etgan hayvonlarda gemolimfa paydo bo’ladi.

Музыка әййемги дәўирден ҳәзирги күнге шекем узақ раўажланыў жолын басып өтти. Әййемги дүняда музыка диний мәресимлерде ҳәм сарай турмысында қолланилган. Орта әсирлерде ширкеў музыкасы үстемлик еткен болса, Ояныў дәўиринде музыка әдеўир дүнялық ҳәм нәзиклескен. Барокко, классицизм, романтизм дәўирлери музыка формалары ҳәм усылларының раўажланыўына өз үлесин қосты. ХХ ҳәм XXI әсирлерде музыка және де ҳәр қыйлы ҳәм эксперименталлық болды.

Menopause is a critical transitional phase in a woman’s life characterized by the cessation of ovarian function and the end of menstruation. It is often accompanied by a range of physical, emotional, and metabolic symptoms that vary in intensity and duration. Recent research indicates that vitamin D plays a significant role not only in bone metabolism but also in the modulation of menopausal symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the features of the menopausal course in women diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency and determine how hypovitaminosis D influences the severity of menopausal manifestations. The study revealed a notable correlation between low serum levels of vitamin D and the severity of vasomotor symptoms, mood disorders, sleep disturbances, and musculoskeletal pain. This research underlines the importance of monitoring and correcting vitamin D levels in peri- and postmenopausal women to reduce symptom burden and improve overall quality of life. The menopausal period represents a pivotal phase in the physiological aging process of women, characterized by profound hormonal, psychological, and metabolic transitions. Beyond the well-documented decline in estrogen levels, micronutrient imbalances—particularly vitamin D deficiency—have emerged as critical modifiers of menopausal health outcomes. This study explores the intricate interplay between hypovitaminosis D and the clinical progression of menopause, focusing on symptom intensity, systemic complications, and quality of life implications. The investigation, conducted on a representative cohort of postmenopausal women, revealed a significant amplification of menopausal discomfort in individuals with deficient serum vitamin D levels. Notably, manifestations such as thermal dysregulation, cognitive disturbances, emotional instability, and skeletal complaints were disproportionately prevalent in this subgroup. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic target in vitamin D optimization to mitigate the climacteric burden and promote healthier aging trajectories among menopausal populations.

Yurak qon-tomir tizimi kasalliklari inson salomatligi uchun xavf-xatar manbai bo'lib, ularning orasida yurak porog'lari va gipertoniya alohida o'rin oladi. Yurak porog'lari yurak faoliyatining buzilishi natijasida yuzaga keladigan holat bo'lib, u yurak to'qimalarining qoniqarsiz ta'minlanishi, yurakning ishlash qobiliyatining pasayishi bilan kechadi. Gipertoniya, yoki arterial bosimning doimiy ko'tarilishi esa, yurak va qon tomirlarga katta yuk tushuradi, ularning patologiyasiga olib keladi. Ushbu kasalliklarning profilaktikasi va davosi uchun to'g'ri diagnoz qo'yish, sog'lom turmush tarzini niyat qilish, dori-darmonlarni oqilona qabul qilish muhimdir. Maqola yakunida yurak qon-tomir kasalliklarining oldini olish bo'yicha tavsiyalar beriladi va ularning suiste'mol qilish asoratlarining oldini olishga qaratilgan amaliy maslahatlar keltiriladi.

Maqolada tadbirkorlik va biznesni rivojlantirish choralari haqida aytib o‘tilgan. Bunda tadbirkorlik qanday boshlanadi. Tadbirkorlik – o‘z mulki bilan tavakkalchilik asosida daromad (foyda) olishga qaratilgan tashabbuskor faoliyat ekanligi tushuntirib o‘tiladi.