Electrical and fiber optic cables play a key role in modern communications and electrical power systems. However, accurate measurements of their thickness and external dimensions are challenging and often fraught with uncertainty. In this article, we look at the importance of estimating uncertainty in electrical and fiber optic cable measurements, and the challenges engineers face when making such measurements.

This article provides information about literary translation and its specific features.

The study of metaphorical translation is researched as an important object of modern linguistics and translation studies. In the article the problem of the translation of metaphors is analyzed through the researches of Russian and European scientists.

In this article, as a result of the use of chemical fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium), the amount of mobile nutrients in the soil increases significantly. This article talks about the use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture and its impact on the environment.

In this article, the situation that arose as a result of the creation of an independent state as a result of the aggravation of the political situation in Movarunnahr and Khorasan in the 9th-10th centuries AD, as well as the weakening of the Arab caliphate is studied. The article provides information about the Somani state - its establishment, rulers, state administration. At the same time, the foreign policy conducted by the Somonites is analyzed.