Phraseological units are stable phrases that have a special lexical meaning and give speech figurativeness and expressiveness. They are an important part of the Russian language, reflecting the culture and traditions of the Russian people.

This article makes an attempt to present counternyms as a linguistic paradox and analyze them in the Russian and English languages. Examples of counternyms and their use in languages are considered. Particular attention is paid to cases where the same word can have opposite meanings in different contexts, which creates difficulties in translation.

In this article, the socio-psychological aspects, stages and aspects of the preparation of future leaders are discussed. The author lists important and necessary aspects of the preparation of future leaders. raised The aspects that must be fulfilled are listed separately.

This article examines the use of folklore elements in the works of the Brothers Grimm and Alexander Pushkin. Folklore motifs play a key role in the work of both writers, enriching their works with depth, authenticity and unique flavor. Writers not only retold folk tales, but also put into them their own vision of the world and human relations. The works of the Brothers Grimm, such as Hansel and Gretel and Cinderella, are prime examples of the use of folklore to convey moral lessons and create compelling stories. In the works of Alexander Pushkin, folklore elements permeate his poetry and prose, giving them a special symbolism and atmosphere. Works such as “Ruslan and Lyudmila” and “The Tale of Tsar Saltan” have become classics of world literature thanks to their vivid images, mysterious plots and deep philosophical ideas embedded in folklore motifs. The common thread in both writers' use of folklore is their ability to draw attention to the deep moral and philosophical ideas inherent in folk tales, as well as their contribution to the preservation of cultural heritage and its transmission to future generations.

In this article, the sharp increase in high-quality goods produced in foreign countries in our domestic markets has created conditions for the mass appearance of service services. These services include customer after-sales service, free information, and free pre-sale and post-sale technical repair and maintenance of home appliances and machines. The demand for this type of services arose with the emergence of technically complex goods and is increasing day by day. The provision of pre-sale and post-sale services increases the competitiveness of household appliances.