Mazkur maqolada o‘zbek jadidchilik harakatining yorqin vakili Hamza Hakimzoda Niyoziyning ilmiy o‘rganilish jarayoni bosqichma-bosqich tahlil etiladi. Adibning adabiy, tilshunoslik, dramaturgiya va pedagogik faoliyati yuzasidan shakllangan ilmiy ma’lumotlarning dastlabki mafkuraviy yondashuvlardan boshlab, mustaqillikdan keyingi erkin va tanqidiy ilmiy tadqiqotlar yo‘nalishlarigacha bo‘lgan rivojlanish holati yoritib berilgan. Maqolada Hamza merosining raqamli muhitda aks etishi, zamonaviy tadqiqotlar va elektron resurslar orqali keng ommaga taqdim etilishi masalalariga ham alohida e’tibor qaratilgan. Shuningdek, maqola Hamza ijodining o‘rganilishi borasidagi ilmiy maktab shakllanishi va istiqboldagi tadqiqot yo‘nalishlari uchun asos bo‘la oladi.

Ikkinchi jahon urushidan so‘ng Yaponiya vayronaga aylangan davlatlardan biri edi. Ammo oradan atigi 20–30 yil o‘tgach, bu mamlakat jahonning yetakchi iqtisodiyotlari safidan joy oldi. Bu holat tarixda “Yapon mo‘jizasi” nomi bilan tilga olinadi. Ushbu mo‘jiza nafaqat iqtisodiy yuksalishni, balki siyosiy va madaniy jihatdan ham taraqqiy etgan model bo‘lib, u dunyo tarixida chuqur iz qoldirgan

Mazkur maqolada tilshunoslikdagi polifunksionallik hodisasi nazariy jihatdan ko‘rib chiqiladi. Til birliklarining bir vaqtning o‘zida bir necha vazifani bajarish xususiyati lingvistik tizimning murakkabligini, ijtimoiy-kommunikativ muhitga moslashuvchanligini ifodalaydi. Maqoladagi polifunksionallik tushunchasining mohiyati, turli til darajalarida namoyon bo‘lishi, kontekst bilan bog‘liqligi va amaliy tilshunoslikdagi ahamiyati yoritiladi. Shuningdek, bir qator olimlarning polifunksionallik haqidagi nazariyalari tilga olinadi.

Menopause is a critical transitional phase in a woman’s life characterized by the cessation of ovarian function and the end of menstruation. It is often accompanied by a range of physical, emotional, and metabolic symptoms that vary in intensity and duration. Recent research indicates that vitamin D plays a significant role not only in bone metabolism but also in the modulation of menopausal symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the features of the menopausal course in women diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency and determine how hypovitaminosis D influences the severity of menopausal manifestations. The study revealed a notable correlation between low serum levels of vitamin D and the severity of vasomotor symptoms, mood disorders, sleep disturbances, and musculoskeletal pain. This research underlines the importance of monitoring and correcting vitamin D levels in peri- and postmenopausal women to reduce symptom burden and improve overall quality of life. The menopausal period represents a pivotal phase in the physiological aging process of women, characterized by profound hormonal, psychological, and metabolic transitions. Beyond the well-documented decline in estrogen levels, micronutrient imbalances—particularly vitamin D deficiency—have emerged as critical modifiers of menopausal health outcomes. This study explores the intricate interplay between hypovitaminosis D and the clinical progression of menopause, focusing on symptom intensity, systemic complications, and quality of life implications. The investigation, conducted on a representative cohort of postmenopausal women, revealed a significant amplification of menopausal discomfort in individuals with deficient serum vitamin D levels. Notably, manifestations such as thermal dysregulation, cognitive disturbances, emotional instability, and skeletal complaints were disproportionately prevalent in this subgroup. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic target in vitamin D optimization to mitigate the climacteric burden and promote healthier aging trajectories among menopausal populations.

The teaching of phraseological units in English, including idioms, collocations, and fixed expressions, presents unique challenges for language learners. Traditional methods often emphasize rote memorization, which may not effectively facilitate understanding or retention. This article explores the implementation of a learner-centered approach (LCA) in teaching English phraseological units, highlighting strategies that promote active engagement, contextual learning, and personalization. By examining theoretical frameworks and practical applications, this study aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of LCA in enhancing learners' comprehension and use of phraseological units.