In international documents, various definitions of torture have been presented, with the most comprehensive and reasonable being the definition provided in the Convention Against Torture of 1984. Article 1 of this Convention states that, for the purposes of the Convention, the term "torture" refers to any intentional act that causes severe physical or mental pain or suffering to a person, for the purpose of obtaining information or confessions from him or a third person. It also encompasses punishing a person for an act that he or a third person has committed or is suspected of committing, or threatening or coercing him or a third person. Punishment based on any form of discrimination is also considered torture. However, the same article adds that pain and suffering resulting from the inherent or incidental characteristics of lawful penalties are excluded from this definition. Among the international guarantees against torture in the international legal system are the Convention Against Torture of 1984, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Geneva Conventions, the Statute of the International Criminal Court, the European Convention on Human Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights, and the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. Establishing the position of the prohibition of torture in the international legal system as one of the absolute principles contributes to preventing violations of the prohibition of torture, upholding human rights, and ensuring fair trials within the judicial process.

Ushbu maqola ta'lim muassasalarida fuqaro muhofazasi tadbirlarini o‘tkazish va hujjatlarini ishlab chiqish masalalariga bag‘ishlangan. Maqolada fuqaro muhofazasi tadbirlarining ta'lim muassasalarida ahamiyati, asosiy qoidalari, tashkilotlar tomonidan bajarilishi kerak bo‘lgan vazifalar va hujjatlarni tayyorlashda e'tibor berilishi lozim bo‘lgan masalalar ko‘rib chiqiladi. Tadbirlar o‘quvchilarning xavfsizligini ta'minlash, favqulodda vaziyatlarga tayyor turish va evakuatsiya rejalari orqali muassasada xavfsizlikni mustahkamlashni maqsad qiladi. Maqola, shuningdek, hujjatlarni takomillashtirish, innovatsion texnologiyalarni joriy etish va muntazam yangilanishlarning ahamiyatini ta'kidlaydi.

Ushbu maqola jismoniy tarbiyaning bolalar sog'lig'iga ta'sirini keng tahlil qiladi. Maqolada bolalar organizmining sog'lom rivojlanishida jismoniy faollikning ahamiyati, uning jismoniy, psixologik va ijtimoiy ta'sirlari ko'rib chiqiladi. Jismoniy tarbiya bolalar uchun nafaqat jismoniy salomatlikni mustahkamlash, balki ruhiy barqarorlik, ijtimoiy ko'nikmalarni rivojlantirish va muvozanatli o'sishni ta'minlashda ham muhim rol o'ynaydi. Muntazam jismoniy mashqlar bolalarning immunitetini kuchaytirish, kasalliklardan himoyalash, o'ziga bo'lgan ishonchni oshirish va ijtimoiy o'zaro aloqalarni yaxshilashga yordam beradi. Shuningdek, jismoniy tarbiya orqali bolalar sog'lom turmush tarzini shakllantirish, stressni kamaytirish va o'qishdagi muvaffaqiyatlarni oshirish imkoniyatiga ega bo'lishadi.

Ushbu maqolada yoshlarni sportga jalb qilishning ahamiyati, maqsadlari, metodlari va usullari tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada yoshlarning jismoniy salomatligi, ruhiy rivojlanishi, ijtimoiy ko'nikmalari va akademik muvaffaqiyatlari uchun sportning qanday ta'sir ko'rsatishi ko'rib chiqiladi. Sport faoliyati nafaqat jismoniy sog'likni yaxshilash, balki yoshlarni o'ziga bo'lgan ishonchni oshirish, stressni kamaytirish va jamiyatga moslashishga yordam beradi. Yoshlarni sportga jalb qilish uchun pedagogik yondashuvlar, motivatsiya usullari va sport infratuzilmasi hamda turli xil sport turlari va faoliyatlari muhokama qilinadi. Maqola yoshlarni sportga rag'batlantirishda ishlatiladigan samarali metodlar va usullarni yoritadi, ularni jismoniy va ruhiy salomatlikka erishish uchun qanday samarali vosita sifatida taqdim etadi.

The civil liability of physicians in Islamic jurisprudence and the statutory laws of Afghanistan is one of the complex and sensitive issues in medical law, referring to the responsibility of doctors towards patients and the consequences resulting from their medical actions. Civil liability of a physician means their obligation to compensate for financial, physical, or emotional damages caused to patients. This liability typically arises when a doctor fails to fulfill their duties or performs unauthorized or negligent medical procedures. The aim of this study is to examine the conditions and circumstances under which physicians are held civilly liable under Islamic jurisprudence and Afghan statutory law. The central question of this research is: under what conditions and circumstances is a physician liable according to Islamic jurisprudence and Afghanistan’s laws? It appears that if a physician causes harm to a patient due to negligence, lack of caution, or excessive treatment, they are considered liable. This research is conducted through library-based sources and employs a descriptive-analytical method. The findings indicate that a physician cannot be deemed absolutely liable or entirely acquitted; rather, they are liable in cases where they fail to obtain prior consent (discharge of liability), lack sufficient expertise, or commit negligence. Otherwise, they are not considered liable.