The development of Oriental Studies as a serious academic discipline within European circles came about as a result of the geopolitical relationships that were taking place during the eighteenth and ninetieth centuries. The discipline expanded because of the interactions of Europeans with the East during trade, travel, colonialism, and wars. This article looks into the ways in which spatial political events facilitated the growth of Oriental Studies, discussing many development stages, institutions, and people involved while placing this movement into a broader scope of history. This article examines the evolution of the coined term Oriental Studies in Europe with an emphasis on the geopolitical and colonial circumstances that prevailed during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. It analyzes how European Empire, colonialism, and intellectual paradigms such as Romanticism and philology contributed to the expansion of the discipline. The article further sheds light on the politics of the disciplinary practice of Oriental Studies, its affiliations with imperialism, and the evolution of the discipline under the impact of disputes like decolonization and the Cold War. These are important issues today as well, in particular with the growing demand to change the research traditions and to adopt the approaches of the indigenous people of the researched areas.

Ushbu maqola motivatsiyaning asosiy turlari va taraqqiyot bosqichlari haqida tushuncha beradi. Motivatsiya insonni maqsadlarga erishish uchun undovchi ichki va tashqi omillar sifatida ta'riflanadi. Ichki motivatsiya o'z qiziqishlari va ehtiyojlaridan kelib chiqadigan harakatlarga asoslanadi, tashqi motivatsiya esa mukofotlar va ijtimoiy ta'sirlarga bog'liq bo'ladi. Maqolada motivatsiyaning rivojlanish bosqichlari ham tahlil qilinadi, bunda ma'lumot olish, ma'naviy motivatsiya, tashqi ta'sirlar va mukofotlar, o'zgarish va yuksalish kabi bosqichlar muhokama qilinadi. Ushbu jarayonlar insonni o'z maqsadlariga erishishga undash va o'zining ichki potensialini ochishga yordam beradi.

Ushbu mаqolаdа rаqаmli iqtisodiyotni rivojlаntirishning eng xаrаkterli xususiyаtlаridаn birigа аylаnib borаyotgаnligi vа bozor rivojlаnishini tezlаshtiruvchi omil sifаtidа tаhlil qilingаn. Shuningdek, zаmonаviy dunyodа innovаtsiyаlаrdаn keng foydаlаnish orqаli- tаdbirkorlikni jаdаl rivojlаntirishgа erishish mumkinligi hаqidа tаklif vа tаvsiyаlаr berilgаn. Zаmonаviy innovаtsion texnologiyаlаrni joriy etilishikorxonаlаr uchun ijobiy qаdаmdir. Innovаtsion texnologiyаlаrni sаmаrаli аxborotlаshtirish mаkroiqtisodiy ko’rsаtkichlаr vа korxonаning ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy rivojlаnish jаrаyonlаrini sezilаrli dаrаjаdа oshirib borаdi, bu esа boshqаruv qаrorlаri sifаti vа dаrаjаsini, аxborot jаrаyonlаri vа xizmаtlаri sаmаrаdorligini oshirishgа olib kelаdi, bu esа o’z nаvbаtidа ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy, ilmiy, texnik, mаdаniy vа hаyotning boshqа ko’rsаtkichlаrini yаxshilanishiga ko`mak beradi.

Ushbu maqolada kardioxirurgik amaliyotlarning asosiy xavf omillari va ularni oldini olish usullari tahlil qilinadi. Kardioxirurgiya – yuqori texnologiyalarga asoslangan, murakkab va katta ehtiyotkorlikni talab qiladigan yo‘nalishlardan biri bo‘lib, operatsiyalardan keyin yuzaga kelishi mumkin bo‘lgan asoratlarni kamaytirish muhim ahamiyatga ega. Maqolada infeksiyalar, qon ketishi, yurak ritmining buzilishi va tromboembolik asoratlarning sabablari va profilaktikasi batafsil yoritiladi. Shuningdek, zamonaviy jarrohlik yondashuvlari va innovatsion reabilitatsiya usullari muhokama qilinadi.

Ushbu maqolada umumiy o‘rta ta’lim maktablari o‘quvchilarining matematik kompetensiyalarini shakllantirish, matematikani ilmiy jihatdan o‘rganish va uni amaliyotga tadbiq etish bo‘yicha ko‘rsatma va tavsiyalar berilgan. Shuningdek, matematikani o‘qitishning ahamiyati, maqsadi va usullari ham keltirilgan.