Legal capacity, defined as an individual’s competence to acquire rights and bear obligations, is recognized as a fundamental principle in all legal systems. This study conducts a comparative analysis of commercial capacity within the legal frameworks of Afghanistan and Egypt. The central question of the research is whether the rules governing capacity in commercial matters are similar to those applied in civil affairs, or whether there are fundamental differences between the two domains. The aim of this study is to analyze and compare the concept of commercial capacity in the two legal systems and to examine whether legally incapacitated individuals are permitted to engage in commercial activities. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical method and is based on legal sources from both countries. The findings reveal that although the foundational principles of capacity are similar in both legal systems, there are notable differences in how these principles are applied. In particular, individuals under legal incapacity are not allowed to independently engage in commercial activities, even with the permission of a guardian or curator. Moreover, guardians or curators are also prohibited from conducting commercial activities on behalf of those under their care. This study is significant because a comparative examination of these laws can enhance the understanding and application of capacity rules in commercial matters in both countries.

Ushbu tadqiqot xalqaro sport tashkilotlari (XST) faoliyatida yuzaga keladigan asosiy muammolarni aniqlash va ularni hal etish bo‘yicha takliflar ishlab chiqishga qaratilgan. Tadqiqotda korrupsiya, dopping, siyosiy aralashuv, moliyaviy qiyinchiliklar va tengsizlik kabi muammolar tahlil qilindi. Adabiyotlarni tahlil qilish, qiyosiy tahlil va ekspertlar fikrini so‘rash usullari qo‘llanilgan holda, ushbu muammolarni hal etish uchun shaffoflikni oshirish, moliyaviy nazoratni kuchaytirish, doppingga qarshi kurashni kuchaytirish, siyosiy aralashuvni taqiqlovchi qoidalarni qat’iy qo‘llash, moliyaviy barqarorlikni ta’minlash va teng imkoniyatlarni yaratish kabi chora-tadbirlar taklif etildi. Ushbu chora-tadbirlar XSTlarning faoliyatini yaxshilash va sportning halolligi va barqaror rivojlanishini ta’minlashga yordam berishi kutilmoqda.

Mazkur maqolada Oʻzbekiston Davlat yozuvchisi, adabiyot xazinasi boʻlmish Abdulla Qahhorning “Bemor” hikoyasi oldingi davr va hozirgi davr talqini. Shu bilan birga asardagi bosh qahramon va boshqa salbiy obrazlar tasvirlangan.

This article explores the complex pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of kidney failure. It highlights the key roles of hemodynamic changes, cellular injury, inflammation, oxidative stress, and hormonal imbalances in the progression of renal dysfunction. The chronic activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its contribution to fibrosis and nephron loss are discussed in detail. The article also examines how inflammatory processes and oxidative damage exacerbate kidney tissue injury, while hormonal disturbances contribute to systemic complications such as anemia and mineral imbalance. Emphasis is placed on the importance of early detection and targeted treatment strategies to slow disease progression and improve patient outcomes. The review concludes with a discussion on future research directions aimed at developing novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic approaches for kidney failure.

Mazkur maqolada Shayboniylar davlati (1500–1599) davridagi ijtimoiy tuzilma va davlat tomonidan amalga oshirilgan islohotlar tarixiy manbalar asosida tahlil qilinadi. Jamiyatning asosiy qatlamlari – hukmdorlar, diniy ulamolar, harbiylar, dehqonlar va savdogarlar o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro munosabatlar, ularning davlat boshqaruvidagi o‘rni va vazifalari yoritiladi. Shuningdek, ma’muriy, harbiy, yer-soliq va diniy sohalarda olib borilgan islohotlar mazmuni hamda ularning jamiyat barqarorligiga ta’siri ochib beriladi. Maqola ijtimoiy taraqqiyotga ta’sir etgan tarixiy omillarni chuqur anglashga xizmat qiladi.