Information security and cybersecurity are related but distinct concepts in protecting data. Information security focuses broadly on safeguarding information in any form (digital, physical, or intellectual) by ensuring its confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Cybersecurity specifically concerns the protection of computer systems, networks, and online data from cyber threats. This paper compares these fields in detail, providing definitions, key differences, and practical examples. Diagrams and tables illustrate how each discipline is applied in real-world scenarios. Understanding the difference helps organizations allocate resources appropriately and build effective security strategies.

This research’s aim is to investigate the challenges and effective methods for teaching research skills in higher education of Afghanistan. It focuses on two main questions: (1) What factors stop students from learning research skills with current teaching methods? (2) What practices, resources, and tools best improve research skills? A mixed-methods approach was used, including surveys of 27 Master’s students, 16 faculty members, and interviews with 4 professors. The results indicated that teacher-centered methods hinder skill development. 53.5% of participants expressed dissatisfaction with those methods. On the other hand, 72.1% believe that interactive methods enhance research skills, although implementation of these methods is difficult. Limited resources and lack of support from institutions are main challenges. This study suggests to its readers that using the student-centered teaching, the usage of technology, and institutional support are essential for improving research education in Afghanistan. This research provides practical recommendations for policymakers and educators. It emphasizes practical learning and faculty development in order to promote critical thinking and research.

Болаларда учрайдиган ҳаракат бузилишлари марказий ва периферик асаб тизими, мушаклар ва базал ядроларнинг шикастланиши натижасида юзага келади. Болаларда учрайдиган ҳаракат бузилишлари турлича клиник кўринишларга эга бўлганлиги сабабли, тўғри ташхис қўйиш учун аниқ ва тизимли дифференциал диагностика ўтказиш зарур. Ушбу мақолада ҳаракат бузилишларининг асосий турлари, церабрал фалаж, мушак дистрофиялари, экстрапирамидал бузилишлар, атаксия ва психоген ҳаракат бузилишларининг асосий фарқловчи клиник белгилари, уларнинг статистик тарқалиши ва диагностика мезонлари таҳлил қилинган.

Maqolada ona tili darslarida milliy qadriyatlar orqali o‘quvchilarga tarbiyaviy ta’sir ko‘rsatish usullari yoritiladi. Matn tanlovi, maqollar, sahnalashtirish va fanlararo integratsiya orqali yosh avlodda vatanparvarlik, halollik, mehr-oqibat kabi fazilatlar shakllantiriladi.

Ushbu maqolada fransuz tilidagi kishilar ismi,o’zbek tilidagi kishilar nomlarning turli xil xususiyatlari hamda ularning tarjimadagi lingvokulturologik jihatlari haqida bayon etilgan. Fransuz adabiyotidagi kishilar ismining o’zbek adabiyotidagi matnlarda ifodalanishi, semantic ma’no kasb etishi ochib berilgan.