Early childhood education (ECE) plays a crucial role in the cognitive, social, and emotional development of children, laying the foundation for their future academic success and social integration. This article provides a comparative analysis of the early childhood education systems in Sweden and Uzbekistan, two countries with distinct cultural, economic, and educational contexts. Special attention is given to the structure and financing of early childhood institutions, teaching methodologies, pedagogical practices, and the impact of social and cultural environments on child development. The study highlights the differences and similarities in the approaches to ECE in these two countries.

Мазкур илмий мақолада рақамли далиллар тушунчасининг илмий-назарий асослари ҳамда унинг ҳуқуқий табиати таҳлил қилинган. Тадқиқотда “электрон далил” ва “рақамли далил” атамаларига нисбатан миллий ва хорижий олимларнинг қарашлари ўрганилиб, уларнинг ўхшаш ва фарқли жиҳатлари ёритилган. Рақамли далилларнинг суд ва тергов амалиётидаги аҳамияти, уларни йиғиш, сақлаш, текшириш ҳамда баҳолашнинг ўзига хос хусусиятлари очиб берилган. Шунингдек, халқаро стандартлар ва илғор хорижий тажрибалар асосида рақамли далилларнинг ҳуқуқий мақоми таҳлил этилган. Муаллиф томонидан мавжуд илмий ёндашувлар умумлаштирилиб, “рақамли далил” тушунчасига муаллифлик таърифи ишлаб чиқилган. Тадқиқот натижалари рақамли далиллар институтини такомиллаштириш ва уни ҳуқуқни қўллаш амалиётига самарали жорий этишга хизмат қилади.

Cardiac troponins (cTn), specifically troponin I (cTnI) and troponin T (cTnT), represent the most sensitive and specific biomarkers for myocardial injury. Their measurement has transformed the diagnostic landscape of acute coronary syndromes (ACS), enabling earlier recognition of myocardial infarction (MI), improved risk stratification, and better prognostic modeling. Modern high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) assays can detect extremely low concentrations, allowing identification of myocardial injury even in subclinical states. This article provides an evidence-based synthesis of the biological basis of troponin release, analytical principles of troponin measurement, diagnostic thresholds, clinical algorithms, and limitations. By integrating data from clinical trials, pathology research, analytical validation studies, and international cardiology guidelines, this review aims to clarify how troponin measurement informs diagnosis and management in diverse clinical settings.

Gastric cancer (GC) remains one of the most significant global health challenges, ranking among the top causes of cancer mortality worldwide. Despite declining incidence in many high-income regions, gastric cancer continues to show substantial geographical variation, with East Asia, Eastern Europe, and parts of Latin America bearing the highest burden. The disease arises from a multifactorial interaction of environmental exposures, chronic infections—especially Helicobacter pylori—dietary habits, genetic predisposition, and socioeconomic determinants. This review synthesizes high-quality epidemiological evidence, incorporating global population-based registries, cohort studies, meta-analyses, and international cancer surveillance data. The article follows a hybrid systematic–narrative design to provide a comprehensive overview of incidence, mortality, risk factors, protective factors, histological patterns, and temporal trends. Special focus is given to the divergent patterns of non-cardia gastric cancer (NCGC) and cardia gastric cancer (CGC), the impact of H. pylori eradication, demographic transitions, and the influence of Western lifestyle patterns. The review highlights the persistent public health importance of gastric cancer and emphasizes that early detection, infection control, dietary modification, and molecularly targeted screening strategies remain essential for reducing disease burden. These findings underscore the need for region-specific preventive policies and strengthened cancer surveillance systems.

Мақолада Совет ҳокимиятининг исломга нисбатан сиёса- тининг мураккаб тарихини кузатар эканмиз,биз куч, мафкура ва чидамли- ликнинг таъсирчан ҳикоясини топамиз. Совет Иттифоқи 1917-йилда ташкил топганидан то 1991-йилда парчаланишигача,диннинг роли билан, хусусан, мусулмон аҳолиси контекстида кураш олиб борди. Вақт бўйлаб жараён нафақат давлат томонидан қўлланиладиган ривожланаётган страте гияларни, балки бу сиёсатларнинг мусулмон жамоаларига чуқур таъсирини ва пост- совет ландшафтини шакллантиришда давом этаётган абадий меросни ҳам ёритади. Болшевиклар инқилоби ва унинг дастлабки йиллари ундан кейинги агрессив секуляризация кампанияси учун замин яратилганлиги таҳлил этилган.