Gardez city is the capital of Paktia province, which is located 122 km south of Kabul and southeast of Afghanistan and on the route of the main branch of the Silk Road from Ghazni to Sindh. The historical castle (Balahisar) and Mirzaka have a special place in this city. In order to know the foundations of the city under study, it is inevitable to review written sources, field studies and environmental surveys. For this purpose, a systematic survey of the area of Gardez city has been carried out in order to collect surface data. In addition, in order to identify the settlement periods of the city, a borehole was dug near the city wall, whose data have been presented and analyzed in the current research. Also, the results of environmental studies were effective in identifying the factors affecting the formation and development of the city. From the ancient sites and the excavation of the square trench number 1 in the historical castle and the investigation of the Mahmoudiyeh hill (number one) and the Nadiryeh hill (number two), numerous pottery works were obtained, these potteries represent the era of the Achaemenids, Alexander the Great, Parthians, and Seleucids. They are Parthian, Sasanian and Islamic. based on findings and ancient works; The historical heritage of this city is more than what was imagined, this city has been a suitable place for settlement and residence from the geographical and environmental point of view since prehistoric times until now. The location of this area in the four communication routes from west to east and north to south has been one of the other reasons for the establishment and expansion of Gardez city.

Ushbu maqolada Surxondaryo viloyatida esuvchi Afg‘on shamolining nafas olish a’zolariga ta’siri o‘rganilgan. Afg‘on shamoli o‘zining yuqori tezlikdagi iliq va quruq havosi, tarkibidagi chang va zararli zarralari bilan inson salomatligiga jiddiy xavf tug‘diradi. Maqolada shamolning bronxit, astma, allergik reaksiyalar va o‘pka kasalliklarini keltirib chiqarish ehtimoli, shuningdek, immunitetni zaiflashtiruvchi ta’siri batafsil tahlil qilinadi. Bundan tashqari, zararli ta’sirni kamaytirish uchun shaxsiy himoya vositalaridan foydalanish, havoni toza saqlash, sog‘lom turmush tarziga rioya qilish va tibbiy ko‘riklarni amalga oshirish bo‘yicha amaliy tavsiyalar berilgan. Ushbu tadqiqot Afg‘on shamolining salbiy oqibatlarini kamaytirish uchun aholi va sog‘liqni saqlash tizimiga oid dolzarb choralarni belgilashga xizmat qiladi.

Mazkur maqolada har bir o’qituvchi uchun nihoyatda zarur hisoblangan pedagogik mahorat va uning komponentlari xususida so’z yuritiladi. Maqolada pedagoglarning kasbiy mahoratlari, samarali dars o’tish usullari tasvirlangan.

Quyidagi maqola so'nggi 5 yillik ichida Turkiya davlatida inflaytsiya bo'yicha bo'lgan o'zgarishlarni tahlil qiladi. Nega pandemiya davridan so'ng mamlakatda inflyatsiya darajasi misli ko'rilmagan darajada yuqorilab ketganligini PESTLE tadqiqot usulidan foydalanib o'rganib chiqadi. Ya'ni pulning qadrsizlanishiga ta'sir qilayotgan har bir hukumat siyosati, iqtisodiy indekslar, ijyimoiy holatlar, texnologik yangiliklar, huquqiy va atrof-muhitga oid barcha holatlar miqdor va sifat usullardan foydalanilgan holda yoritib berilgan. Inflyatsiyaning o'sishi natijasida mamlakatda vujudga kelgan ko'plab norozilik harakatlarini oldini olish uchun bir qancha tavsiyalar ham aytib o'tilgan.

In today’s globally interconnected academic and professional landscape, English competence is invaluable asset across divorse fields, including engineering, medicine, and technology. However, students in non-linguistic specialties often prioritize their primary studies over language skills, which can lead to an undervaluation of English proficiency. This article explores methods to raise English learning awareness among these students, focusing on motivational approaches, contextual learning, and istitutional support. By offering tailored strategies, the study aims to boost engagement and proficiency in English among non-linguistic students.