This article presents the value added tax, its place in the tax system of our republic, and the stages of its development. The influence of the value-added tax on the competitiveness of the economy, its essence, socio-economic necessity is explained by interpreting the scientific and theoretical literature and analyzing the international experience.

The article examines the phenomenon of concentration of space in the "threshold" topos of Lyudmila Petrushevskaya's one-act plays using the play "Moscow Choir" as an example. It analyzes how closed and limited space becomes a symbolic threshold between different states: life and death, past and present, reality and absurdity.

This article explores the parameters of the EPSON L4167 multifunctional device. A complete analysis of information about the multifunctional device and its parameters is given, which contributes to the rational use at printing enterprises in prepress processes to improve the graphic accuracy of information reproduction.

This article includes the results of a scientific study aimed at identifying the prevalence and morphological characteristics of sinus septa in the maxillary sinuses of residents of the Bukhara region using cone-beam computed tomography, and determining their relationship with gender, age and dental status. Based on the data obtained, it should be noted that cone-beam computed tomography of the maxillary sinus was a powerful tool for identifying septa of varying height, type, localization, independent of the patient's gender or age, but differences were revealed depending on the type of adentia.

This article talks about the interaction of languages and the laws of their development, history.