Ushbu ilmiy maqolada Xorazm viloyatining qadimgi davrlaridan boshlab, bugungi kungacha bo‘lgan rivojlanish bosqichlari haqida kengroq ma’lumot berilib o’tilgan. Qadimgi Xorazm madaniyati, antik va o‘rta asr davlatlari, Xorazmshohlar davri, Xiva xonligi va XX asrda yuz bergan ijtimoiy o‘zgarishlar ilmiy manbalar asosida tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, Xorazmning bugungi kundagi iqtisodiy va madaniy rivojlanishi, turizm sohasidagi yutuqlari ham o‘rganilgan. Maqola davomida tarixiy voqealarga asoslangan holda, Xorazm viloyatining O‘zbekiston tarixidagi o‘rni va uning jahon tamadduniga qo‘shgan hissasi haqida ma’lumotlar keltirib o’tilgan

Acute intestinal obstruction in children is a serious clinical condition that requires timely diagnosis to ensure effective management and improved prognosis. Ultrasonography, due to its non-invasiveness and real-time imaging capabilities, has become one of the most valuable diagnostic tools in pediatric practice. This study explores the role of comprehensive ultrasonographic techniques in identifying different types of intestinal obstruction among pediatric patients. Through clinical evaluation of 100 pediatric cases, this paper demonstrates the diagnostic efficiency, interpretative criteria, and practical relevance of sonographic findings. This work contributes to clinical best practices and advocates for ultrasonography as a first-line diagnostic modality in children with suspected intestinal obstruction.

Ushbu maqolada inson tanasining eng katta organi — terining gistologik tuzilishi, uning asosiy qatlamlari (epidermis, dermis, gipodermis) va har bir qatlamning morfologik hamda funksional xususiyatlari ilmiy asosda tahlil qilinadi. Ayniqsa, terining himoya funksiyasi: fizik, mikrobiologik, immunologik va mexanik jihatlari chuqur yoritilgan. Maqola teri tuzilmasining mikroskopik ko‘rinishlari, ularning hujayraviy tarkibi va zamonaviy ilmiy yondashuvlar asosida o‘rganiladi. Mazkur tadqiqot gistologiya fani doirasida terining ko‘p funksiyali va ixtisoslashgan tuzilma ekanini ochib beradi hamda klinik amaliyotda uni to‘g‘ri baholash zarurligini ko‘rsatadi.

The etiological structure and peculiarities of clinical and epidemiological manifestations of acute intestinal infections in hospitalised children are studied. A retrospective study of the case histories of 2479 children hospitalised with the clinic of acute intestinal infection was carried out. All patients underwent standard laboratory examination, including clinical, biochemical, instrumental diagnostic methods, bacteriological and molecular-biological studies to verify the causative agent. The epidemiological anamnesis of all children was clarified, and the frequency of background and concomitant diseases was studied. The diagnosis of intestinal infection was verified in 925 children (38%). Bacterial intestinal infections were detected in 610 (65 % of the transcripts).

Рассмотрены виды тестовых заданий по филологическим дисциплинам и методика их создания, дано определение теста, пояснено понятие предметной области. Тестовые задания разделены на виды, приведены примеры. Показано, что компетентностные знания, умения и навыки студентов можно оценить на основе тестовых образцов.