False testimony is considered one of the significant challenges in the judicial system of Afghanistan, having widespread negative impacts on the implementation of justice. This article explores the concept, elements, and penalties for false testimony in Hanafi jurisprudence and the Afghanistan’s Penal Code. According to findings, in Hanafi jurisprudence, false testimony is regarded as a major sin, with penalties such as public humiliation, flogging, and imprisonment prescribed for it. In the Afghanistan criminal justice system, false testimony is also defined as a crime with punishments such as imprisonment, fines, and the imposition of penalties on the false witness based on its impact on the proceedings. The aim of this research is to clarify and examine the crime of false testimony in the Afghanistan’s criminal justice system and to seek answers regarding what constitutes false testimony within this system. The research method employed in this article is fundamental, with information gathered using a descriptive-analytical approach and through library research. The results indicate that Afghan legislators largely follow the views of Imam Abu Yusuf and Muhammad, students of Imam Abu Hanifa, and have attempted to prevent the proliferation of this phenomenon through legal measures. The similarities of this crime in Hanafi jurisprudence and Afghanistan’s criminal law include legal and jurisprudential foundations, attention to the effects of false testimony, penalties for false testimony, and the nature of the crime of false testimony. The differences include the legal approach versus the jurisprudential approach, occurrence only in court sessions versus occurrence in court sessions and before judicial officers, differences in the severity of penalties, civil and criminal liability, and how to deal with false testimony after a verdict is issued.

This article discusses effective strategies and methods for teaching English to young children. It is known that young children have the ability to acquire language naturally and quickly. Therefore, interesting, game-based, interactive approaches to teaching them are more effective than traditional methods. This topic analyzes methods for teaching English to children, such as games, picture and video materials, listening comprehension, and language acquisition through physical movements. It also provides recommendations on how to organize a lesson, taking into account the age characteristics, psychological state, and attention span of children. The main goal of this work is to show creative, effective, and easy-to-learn methods for teaching English to children.

This article examines the wide-ranging advantages of developing strong reading abilities among secondary school students. It emphasizes how effective reading comprehension contributes to academic achievement in all subjects, sharpens critical thinking, nurtures creativity and imagination, and encourages lifelong learning habits. Additionally, the article outlines strategies for educators to foster reading interest and improve comprehension in the secondary school environment.

This article analyzes the spiritual and moral characteristics of schoolchildren and provides information about the pedagogical criteria for educating young people in the context of a modern axiological approach to pedagogy. Based on the results of our research, the novelty of the pedagogical phenomenon is that the main goal is to strengthen national values, which characterize the specific features of the implementation of the axiological approach, and to focus on the education and upbringing of young people, increasing their worldview. It is to educate young people as a spiritually and morally mature, harmonious generation while preserving the intellectual identity of the younger generation as a strategic resource for society and the whole state.

В настоящее время бурное развитие информационных технологий в области медицины существенно улучшает процессы диагностики и лечения сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, в частности, шумов в сердце. Современные компьютерные технологии, искусственный интеллект, методы обработки медицинских изображений и телемедицинские системы расширяют возможности раннего выявления, правильной диагностики и эффективного лечения шумов в сердце. В статье анализируется роль информационных технологий в диагностике шумов в сердце, их преимущества по сравнению с традиционными методами и современными инновационными подходами. Также рассматриваются возможности автоматического анализа результатов УЗИ сердца и электрокардиографии на основе искусственного интеллекта, а также способы хранения и быстрого анализа медицинских данных с использованием технологий облачных вычислений. Также подчеркивается важность информационных технологий в процессе хирургического лечения шумов в сердце, возможности мониторинга в реальном времени во время операции и выполнения точных процедур с использованием роботизированных систем. В статье разработаны рекомендации по повышению эффективности информационных технологий в диагностике и лечении шумов в сердце. Целью данной статьи является освещение важной роли и перспектив информационных технологий в диагностике и лечении сердечной недостаточности, раскрытие значения инновационных подходов в современной медицине.