This article examines parody and pastiche in Gafur Gulom’s Shum Bola, a landmark of Uzbek literature. Drawing on intertextual theory, it analyzes how Gulom employs these devices to construct a two‑layered narrative: an adventure story for children and a subtle social critique for adults. Parody operates through caricatured figures (the wealthy Sariboy) and the child protagonist Qoravoy, whose perspective defamiliarizes adult hypocrisy. Pastiche integrates folk jokes, fairy‑tale motifs, and three distinct speech styles-children’s, adult’s, and authorial-into a unified literary language. The study concludes that parody and pastiche served as essential artistic strategies for navigating Soviet-era ideological constraints while addressing universal moral questions, securing the work’s lasting significance.

Mazkur maqolada bolajak o‘qituvchilarning kasbiy kompetentligini shakllantirish jarayonining nazariy va amaliy asoslari tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, zamonaviy pedagogik texnologiyalar, innovatsion yondashuvlar hamda axborot-kommunikatsiya vositalarining o‘rni ilmiy jihatdan asoslab beriladi. Ta’lim jarayonida kompetensiyaviy yondashuvni qo‘llash orqali pedagog kadrlar tayyorlash samaradorligini oshirish imkoniyatlari ko‘rib chiqiladi.

Translation is not only the transfer of words from one language to another but also the transmission of cultural identity. Cultural identity reflects the values, traditions, beliefs, and social norms of a particular community, and these elements are often embedded in language. Translators play an important role in preserving and representing these cultural meanings when texts move across linguistic and cultural boundaries. This article examines the relationship between translation and cultural identity, focusing on the challenges translators face when conveying culturally specific concepts. It also discusses strategies translators use to maintain the authenticity of cultural identity while making texts understandable for target audiences.

Ushbu maqola qon aylanish tizimining fiziologik xususiyatlarini chuqur tahlil qiladi, yurakning mexanik va bioelektrik faoliyati, tomirlarning biomekanik va endoteliy funksiyalari, mikrotsirkulyatsiya va tomir tonusining neyrogen-gumoral boshqarilishi ko‘rib chiqiladi. Zamonaviy tadqiqotlar asosida gemodinamikaning yangi talqinlari, tomirlarning adaptiv mexanizmlari va endoteliy signalizatsiyasining organizmdagi muhim roli yoritilgan. Maqola klinik va eksperimental tibbiyot uchun ilmiy ahamiyatga ega bo‘lgan yangi ilmiy yo‘nalishlar bilan boyitilgan.

Mazkur maqolada bolajak o‘qituvchilarning ijtimoiy-pedagogik kompetentligini rivojlantirishning nazariy-metodologik asoslari, uning tarkibiy tuzilmasi va shakllantirish texnologiyalari kompleks tarzda tahlil etiladi. Shuningdek, zamonaviy ta’lim muhitida ijtimoiylashuv jarayonining o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari, kommunikativ va emotsional-intellektual ko‘nikmalarni rivojlantirish mexanizmlari ilmiy jihatdan asoslab beriladi.