Globallashuv shiddat bilan rivojlanayotgan dunyoda inson huquqlarini ta’minlash va himoya qilish xalqaro hamjamiyatning asosiy vazifasi bo‘lib kelmoqda. Davlat uning tarkibida xalq bo‘lganligi uchun ham davlat hisoblanadi. Agarda u o‘z hududidagi insonlarning huquqlarini himoya qilolmasa va insonlarga huquqlaridan foydalanish imkoniyatini ta’minlay olmasa uning davlatchiligiga ziyon yetishi aniq. Shuning uchun ham inson manfaatlari oliy o‘ringa qo‘yilmoqda. Hech narsa undan ustun bo‘lishi mumkin emas. Dunyo mamlakatlarining ichki va tashqi siyosatdagi asosiy maqsadi inson huquqlarini oliy qadriyat sifatida mustahkamlash bo‘lib kelmoqda va bu tamoyilni amalga oshirish uchun bir qancha sa’y- harakatlar amalga oshirilmoqda. Ayollarning, bolalarning, yoshlarning, keksalar va nogironlarning manfaatlari milliy konstitutsiyalarda va xalqaro hujjatlarda mustahkamlandi. Bunga zid harakatlarni amalga oshirganlar va inson huquqlarini poymol qilganlar belgilangan tartibda javobgarlikka tortilmoqdalar.

This article explores the complex pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of kidney failure. It highlights the key roles of hemodynamic changes, cellular injury, inflammation, oxidative stress, and hormonal imbalances in the progression of renal dysfunction. The chronic activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its contribution to fibrosis and nephron loss are discussed in detail. The article also examines how inflammatory processes and oxidative damage exacerbate kidney tissue injury, while hormonal disturbances contribute to systemic complications such as anemia and mineral imbalance. Emphasis is placed on the importance of early detection and targeted treatment strategies to slow disease progression and improve patient outcomes. The review concludes with a discussion on future research directions aimed at developing novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic approaches for kidney failure.

Mazkur maqolada Shayboniylar davlati (1500–1599) davridagi ijtimoiy tuzilma va davlat tomonidan amalga oshirilgan islohotlar tarixiy manbalar asosida tahlil qilinadi. Jamiyatning asosiy qatlamlari – hukmdorlar, diniy ulamolar, harbiylar, dehqonlar va savdogarlar o‘rtasidagi o‘zaro munosabatlar, ularning davlat boshqaruvidagi o‘rni va vazifalari yoritiladi. Shuningdek, ma’muriy, harbiy, yer-soliq va diniy sohalarda olib borilgan islohotlar mazmuni hamda ularning jamiyat barqarorligiga ta’siri ochib beriladi. Maqola ijtimoiy taraqqiyotga ta’sir etgan tarixiy omillarni chuqur anglashga xizmat qiladi.

Bul maqalada oqiwshilardiń óz-ózin bahalaw dárejesi menen olardiń oqiw iskerligindegi jetiskenlik ortasindaǵi psixologik baylanis analiz etiledi. Izertlewde ‘’óz- ózin bahalaw’’ tu’siniginiń mazmuni, qáliplesiw faktorlari hám oniń oqiw processindegi áhmiyeti aship beriledi. Sonday-aq óz-ózin joqari dárejede bahalawshi oqiwshilardiń ózlestiriw kórsetkishleri joqari boliwi, pás bahalawshi oqiwshilar ese oqiw iskerliginde isenimsizlik penen ajralip turiwi kórsetilgen.

This paper explores the physiological and pathophysiological responses of the human body to stress. Stress, defined as any challenge that disrupts homeostasis, triggers complex mechanisms involving the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Acute stress activates adaptive responses, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic nervous system, which prepare the body to handle immediate threats. However, chronic stress leads to sustained hormonal imbalances, immune suppression, and increased inflammation, contributing to various diseases including cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and mental health issues. The dual nature of stress highlights the importance of effective management strategies to maintain health and prevent disease progression. This paper also discusses current understanding of stress-immune system interactions and suggests holistic approaches for stress reduction and health improvement.