This article explores the role of contextualized learning in enhancing communicative competence among senior secondary school students in English language classrooms. Drawing on sociolinguistic and pedagogical theories, the study investigates how real-life contexts and meaningful language use contribute to learners’ ability to communicate effectively. The paper reviews relevant literature, presents classroom-based findings, and discusses practical implications for English language teaching in secondary education.

Mazkur maqolada tarmoq xavfsizligini ta’minlashda muhim o‘rin tutuvchi IDS (Intrusion Detection System) va IPS (Intrusion Prevention System) texnologiyalarining ishlash prinsiplari, o‘zaro farqlari, afzallik va kamchiliklari tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, real tizimlarda bu texnologiyalarni qo‘llash samaradorligi, zamonaviy tahdidlarga qarshi kurashishdagi roli va optimal yondashuvlar keng yoritiladi.

Ushbu maqolada sun’iy intellekt (SI) asosida ishlovchi tarmoq xavfsizligi tizimlari – Intrusion Detection System (IDS) va Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) algoritmlarining tarmoq tahdidlarini aniqlashdagi samaradorligi ko‘rib chiqiladi. IDS/IPS tizimlarining an’anaviy metodlardan farqli jihatlari, sun’iy neyron tarmoqlar, mashinaviy o‘rganish (ML), chuqur o‘rganish (DL) va tabiiy tilni qayta ishlash (NLP) kabi SI uslublarini qo‘llash orqali tahdidlarni aniqlash aniqligi va tezligi tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, real vaqt rejimida ishlovchi zamonaviy SI-IDS/IPS tizimlarining afzalliklari va cheklovlari tahlil qilinadi.

Ushbu maqolada Alfa avlodining rivojlanishiga ta’sir etuvchi asosiy psixologik, ijtimoiy va texnologik omillar tahlil qilinadi. Alfa avlodi — 2010-yillarning boshidan keyin tug‘ilgan bolalar bo‘lib, ular raqamli texnologiyalar bilan ichki bog‘liqlikni rivojlantirganlar. Maqolada ularning diqqatni jamlashdagi qiyinchiliklari, o‘z-o‘zini boshqarishdagi muammolar va ijtimoiy aloqalardagi zaifliklar ko‘rib chiqiladi. Shuningdek, bu muammolarni bartaraf etish uchun psixologik yordam, ota-onalar va pedagoglarning roli, shuningdek, raqamli texnologiyalarni maqsadli va sog‘lom foydalanish bo‘yicha amaliy tavsiyalar taqdim etiladi.

This article explores the critical role of cytokines in the development and progression of autoimmune disorders. Cytokines, as key regulators of the immune system, maintain the balance between immune activation and tolerance. The disruption of this balance, particularly the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and insufficient anti-inflammatory responses, contributes to chronic inflammation and tissue damage characteristic of autoimmune diseases. The review discusses major cytokine families involved, signaling pathways, and their interactions that lead to immune dysregulation. Additionally, it highlights current therapeutic strategies targeting cytokines and the challenges faced in treatment due to cytokine redundancy and patient variability. Understanding cytokine involvement provides valuable insights into autoimmune pathogenesis and offers potential for more precise and effective therapies.