Mazkur maqolada ingliz sayyohi va tadqiqotchisi A. Byornsning ma’lumotlari asosida XIX asr o‘rtalarida Buxoro amirligidagi savdo holati yoritiladi. O‘sha davrda Buxoro Rossiya imperiyasi bilan faol iqtisodiy aloqalarni yo‘lga qo‘ygan bo‘lib, bu davlat uning asosiy tashqi savdo hamkoriga aylangan edi. Biroq Angliya o‘zining mintaqadagi ta’sirini saqlab qolish maqsadida Rossiyaning Buxoro bilan savdosiga to‘sqinlik qilish uchun jiddiy harakatlar qilgan. Jumladan, ingliz tovarlari Shimoliy Hindiston, Xitoy, Fors va Afg‘onistonda asta-sekin rus mahsulotlarini bozordan siqib chiqara boshlagan. A.Byornsning yozishicha, XIX asrning birinchi yarmida Buxoro amirligida savdo aloqalari o‘z taraqqiyotining eng yuqori cho‘qqisiga yetgan. Davlat siyosati ichki va tashqi savdoni rivojlantirishga faol ko‘maklashgan. Buxorodagi bozoru karvonsaroylar, Buyuk ipak yo‘li orqali shakllangan yo‘nalishlar savdo markazi sifatida katta ahamiyat kasb etgan. Mahalliy hokimiyatlar tomonidan bozor narxlari qat’iy nazorat ostida ushlab turilgan, bu esa davlat tomonidan iqtisodiy jarayonlarga bo‘lgan faol aralashuvni ko‘rsatadi. Buxoroga Yevropa, Hindiston, Xitoy va Forsdan savdogarlar oqib kelgan, bu esa shaharning Markaziy Osiyodagi yirik iqtisodiy markazlardan biriga aylanishiga olib kelgan. A.Byorns Buxoro amirligining XIX asr birinchi yarmidagi ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy holatini chuqur o‘rgangan ilk g‘arb tadqiqotchilaridan biri hisoblanadi. Uning kuzatuvlari mintaqaviy va xalqaro savdo aloqalarini, yirik davlatlar o‘rtasidagi iqtisodiy raqobatni hamda amirlikning ichki iqtisodiy siyosatini anglash uchun muhim manba bo‘lib xizmat qiladi.

Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma) is the most prevalent primary malignant renal tumor in children, accounting for approximately 90% of pediatric renal malignancies. Early and accurate diagnosis plays a critical role in the prognosis and overall treatment success. The role of radiological imaging in Wilms tumor extends beyond mere detection; it includes staging, treatment planning, and monitoring response to therapy. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the diagnostic effectiveness of ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting Wilms tumor in children. Comparative evaluations of each modality’s sensitivity, specificity, and limitations are supported by recent case statistics and clinical findings. An integrated radiological approach can enhance clinical outcomes, reduce unnecessary surgical interventions, and facilitate personalized care strategies.

Acute intestinal obstruction in children is a serious clinical condition that requires timely diagnosis to ensure effective management and improved prognosis. Ultrasonography, due to its non-invasiveness and real-time imaging capabilities, has become one of the most valuable diagnostic tools in pediatric practice. This study explores the role of comprehensive ultrasonographic techniques in identifying different types of intestinal obstruction among pediatric patients. Through clinical evaluation of 100 pediatric cases, this paper demonstrates the diagnostic efficiency, interpretative criteria, and practical relevance of sonographic findings. This work contributes to clinical best practices and advocates for ultrasonography as a first-line diagnostic modality in children with suspected intestinal obstruction.

This article explores Iran-Ottoman relations during the Qajar era (1794–1925), highlighting both cooperation and competition between the two neighbors. Their collaboration brought significant achievements in economy, culture, politics, and security, while conflicts—mainly rooted in border issues, ethnic minorities, and foreign interventions (particularly Russian and British)—often led to wars. Despite these tensions, efforts to maintain peaceful relations marked this era as relatively stable compared to earlier periods like the Safavid, Afsharid, and Zand dynasties. Key events such as the First and Second Treaties of Erzurum reflect the deepening of bilateral ties. Although full success was not achieved, this period holds a notable place in the history of both nations for fostering cooperation in political, cultural, economic, and military spheres. The study adopts a descriptive and library-based research approach, concluding that these shared interests are strong foundations for continued collaboration.

Oziq-ovqat chiqindilari bugungi kunda dunyo miqyosida ekologik va iqtisodiy muammolarni keltirib chiqarmoqda. Ushbu maqolada oziq-ovqat chiqindilarining turlari, ularning atrof-muhitga ta'siri, hamda chiqindilarni kamaytirish va qayta ishlash usullari haqida batafsil ma'lumot berilgan. Asosiy e'tibor chiqindilarni qayta ishlashning innovatsion texnologiyalari va ularni samarali boshqarish tizimlariga qaratilgan. Shuningdek, oziq-ovqat chiqindilarini kamaytirish bo'yicha ta'lim, rag'batlantirish va iqtisodiy rag'batlar haqidagi takliflar ham muhokama qilingan.