Nephrolithiasis affecting patients with stones up to 2 centimeters in diameter represents one of the most prevalent urological conditions encountered in clinical practice. The management of renal calculi of this size range sits at a critical therapeutic crossroads, where multiple minimally invasive and endoscopic surgical options are available, yet no universally accepted consensus exists regarding the optimal treatment algorithm. Shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy (URS), and miniaturized percutaneous nephrolithotomy (mini-PCNL) each offer distinct advantages and limitations depending on stone characteristics, patient anatomy, and institutional resources.

Mazkur maqolada o‘rta masofaga yuguruvchilarning yillik tayyorgarlik davridagi mashg‘ulot yuklamalarining tuzilishi, ularni rejalashtirish va sport natijalarini oshirishdagi ahamiyati tahlil qilinadi. O‘rta masofaga yugurish sportchilardan yuqori darajadagi tezlik, chidamlilik va funksional tayyorgarlikni talab qiladi. Shu sababli mashg‘ulot jarayonlarini ilmiy asosda tashkil etish sportchilarning jismoniy va funksional imkoniyatlarini samarali rivojlantirishda muhim omil hisoblanadi. Maqolada tayyorgarlik davrining bosqichlari, yuklamalarning hajmi va intensivligi hamda ularni taqsimlash usullari yoritilgan.

Ushbu maqolada O‘zbekistonda ziyorat turizmini rivojlantirish loyihalarini samarali boshqarish, ularning tashkiliy-iqtisodiy asoslarini takomillashtirish hamda mavjud turistik salohiyatdan oqilona foydalanish masalalari ilmiy-amaliy jihatdan tahlil qilinadi. Ziyorat turizmi bugungi kunda nafaqat diniy va ma’naviy ehtiyojlarni qondirishga xizmat qiluvchi turizm turi, balki mamlakatning tarixiy-madaniy merosini xalqaro miqyosda targ‘ib etish, hududlar iqtisodiy faolligini oshirish, xizmat ko‘rsatish sohasini rivojlantirish, yangi ish o‘rinlarini yaratish hamda turizm eksporti hajmini kengaytirishda muhim strategik yo‘nalishlardan biri sifatida namoyon bo‘lmoqda. Ayniqsa, O‘zbekiston hududida islom sivilizatsiyasi, hadis ilmi, tasavvuf ta’limoti, fiqh va kalom maktablari rivojiga ulkan hissa qo‘shgan buyuk allomalar nomi bilan bog‘liq muqaddas qadamjolar va tarixiy obidalar mavjudligi mamlakatning xalqaro ziyorat turizmi bozoridagi raqobatbardoshligini oshirish uchun mustahkam asos yaratadi.

This article analyzes changes in the behavior of school-age children from a psychological perspective. In today's society, the emotional state of children, social environment, technological factors and changes in the family climate affect their behavior on a scientific basis. Based on research, the causes of such states as aggressiveness, inattention, apathy or excessive activity in behavior are identified and effective psychological approaches to these states are recommended.

This article discusses the influence of students' ideas about the family on the strength of the family and its psychological significance.