Ushbu maqolada XX asr boshida Turkistonda milliy-demokratik davlatchilik masalalari tahlil qilinadi. Jadidchilik harakatining siyosiy va ijtimoiy ahamiyati, Kokand Avtonomiyasining tashkil topishi va uning qisqa faoliyati hamda milliy-demokratik g‘oyalar rivojida duch kelgan qiyinchiliklar yoritiladi. Ushbu davr milliy ongni shakllantirish va mustaqillik harakatlariga zamin yaratish borasida muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi.

Ushbu maqola Sovet Ittifoqi davrida Surxondaryo viloyatining madaniy hayotini o'rganishga bag'ishlangan. Unda madaniy siyosat, teatr va san'at, kutubxonalar, matbuot, ta'lim va ilm-fan rivoji yillik faktlar asosida yoritilgan. Sovet davrida viloyat madaniyatida sodir bo'lgan o'zgarishlar tahlil qilinadi va ularning mahalliy aholi hayotiga ta'siri ko'rib chiqiladi. Maqola hudud tarixini o'rganishda muhim ilmiy ahamiyatga ega.

Diabetes is a disease that occurs as a result of impaired carbohydrate and water metabolism in the body. It is a consequence of impaired pancreatic function. The pancreas produces the hormone insulin. Insulin is involved in the processing of sugar. Without this hormone, the body cannot maintain the level of glucose in the blood at normal levels and its level increases. As a result, the body excretes excess glucose through the urine.

Fair competition in the marketplace benefits consumers, sellers, and society; however, in some cases, certain traders may resort to unfair methods or violate competition laws and harm each other's commercial interests. In such cases, the issues of civil and criminal liability arise from unfair competition. Unfair competition can be defined as any competition that is conducted contrary to the norms of honorable conduct and trade. It is an aggressive behavior that arises from the misuse of a specific freedom related to commercial activities that is not inherently prohibited and is permissible when used normally. The legislator has defined acceptable methods and fair competition to maintain market order and gain profit, and traders must use these legal methods in their transactions to avoid causing disorder in the market and harm to others. This article examines the enforcement mechanisms arising from unfair commercial competition in the legal system of Afghanistan. The findings indicate that the enforcement mechanisms arising from unfair competition in the legal system of Afghanistan include: compensation for damages, restoration of the previous state, monetary fines and in some cases imprisonment.

This article explores the concept of accountability in international organizations, focusing on how control by members and access to information are critical indicators of accountability. It highlights the mechanisms through which member states or shareholders can exert influence over decision-making processes, especially in intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. The article delves into the roles of governing and executive bodies in these organizations, examining the importance of equitable representation and transparency. It also addresses how access to information influences organizational accountability, emphasizing that without proper disclosure, stakeholders cannot effectively hold organizations accountable. Additional indicators, such as the process of appointing senior officials, decision enforcement, evaluation procedures, consultation with external stakeholders, complaint mechanisms, and social responsibility, are briefly discussed.