Maqolada Qashqadaryolik shoir Amir Xudoyberdi she’riyati leksikasi tahlilga tortilgan. Adib she’riyati leksikasi mavzuviy guruhlarga bo‘lib o‘rganilgan.

Ushbu maqolada inson resurslarini boshqarish (HRM) tushunchasi, uning tarixiy rivojlanish bosqichlari hamda zamonaviy davrda tutgan o‘rni yoritilgan. Inson resurslari tushunchasining shakllanishi, rivojlanish jarayonlari va HRM nazariyasining asosiy yo‘nalishlari tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, zamonaviy inson resurslarini boshqarishning samarali yondashuvlari, ularning tashkilotlar faoliyatidagi ahamiyati va amaliyotda tatbiq etish usullari muhokama qilingan. Maqolada kadrlar menejmentining asosiy yo‘nalishlari, xodimlarni jalb qilish, rag‘batlantirish va rivojlantirish kabi muhim jihatlar ko‘rib chiqilib, bugungi kunda global raqobat sharoitida inson kapitalining strategik ahamiyati alohida ta’kidlangan.

This article examines the role of speech acts in the development of pragmatic competence among EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners, with a specific focus on how language conveys social meaning. It explores how explicit instruction in requests, refusals, apologies, and other speech acts can improve learners' ability to communicate appropriately across cultural and situational contexts. The study argues for the inclusion of pragmatic elements in language teaching as a means of promoting authentic, socially aware communication.

This scientific paper explores the general pathophysiological mechanisms of inflammation, a fundamental biological response to harmful stimuli such as infection, injury, or immune dysregulation. The study provides a comprehensive overview of the key stages of inflammation, including initiation, amplification, and resolution, as well as the complex cellular and molecular components involved. Special emphasis is placed on immune cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, along with inflammatory mediators including cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide. The work distinguishes between acute and chronic inflammation, explaining their unique features, triggers, and pathological consequences. Disruption in this process is highlighted as a major contributor to long-term inflammatory conditions such as autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Clinical implications, diagnostic markers, and therapeutic strategies targeting specific pathways of inflammation are also addressed. This research is intended to serve as a valuable resource for students of medical and biological sciences, healthcare professionals, and researchers interested in immunology and disease mechanisms.

В статье рассматриваются особенности методики преподавания японского языка в условиях многоязычной образовательной среды на примере Республики Узбекистан. Учитывая лингвистическое разнообразие обучающихся, владеющих узбекским, русским и английским языками, автор анализирует влияние языкового опыта на усвоение японского языка, выделяя как положительные, так и отрицательные аспекты межъязыкового переноса. Особое внимание уделяется интегрированному языковому подходу, роли английского языка как языка-посредника, а также необходимости включения культурных компонентов в учебный процесс. Подчёркивается значение цифровых технологий и мультиязычных ресурсов в повышении мотивации и эффективности обучения.