This article discusses the issues of managing energy sources in modern communication systems through adaptive control models to improve energy efficiency. The possibility of evaluating the energy supply state in real-time, considering the variability of the load and external factors, and developing optimal control strategies is analyzed.

This article explores the complex pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases with a primary focus on the mechanisms underlying the breakdown of immune tolerance. Immune tolerance is essential for preventing the immune system from attacking the body’s own tissues. The review covers both central and peripheral tolerance processes, highlighting how genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and immune regulatory failures contribute to the development of autoimmunity. Key cellular players, such as regulatory T cells and antigen-presenting cells, are discussed in relation to their roles in maintaining immune homeostasis. Additionally, the article examines current understanding of molecular mimicry, epitope spreading, and other pathogenic mechanisms leading to self-reactivity. The challenges in diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune diseases are also addressed, emphasizing the need for targeted therapeutic approaches aimed at restoring immune tolerance rather than merely suppressing immune responses.

This theoretical research explores the economic views of Abdurauf Fitrat, a prominent Central Asian thinker, by comparing them with his contemporaries and interpreting them through a modern lens. Fitrat's ideas reflect a synthesis of Islamic economic principles and modernist thought. By conducting a comparative analysis with regional and global economic thinkers of his time, this paper aims to highlight the unique aspects of his vision. The study uses a descriptive-analytical method and draws on primary texts, archival material, and secondary scholarly interpretations.

Bul maqalada oqiwshilardiń óz-ózin bahalaw dárejesi menen olardiń oqiw iskerligindegi jetiskenlik ortasindaǵi psixologik baylanis analiz etiledi. Izertlewde ‘’óz- ózin bahalaw’’ tu’siniginiń mazmuni, qáliplesiw faktorlari hám oniń oqiw processindegi áhmiyeti aship beriledi. Sonday-aq óz-ózin joqari dárejede bahalawshi oqiwshilardiń ózlestiriw kórsetkishleri joqari boliwi, pás bahalawshi oqiwshilar ese oqiw iskerliginde isenimsizlik penen ajralip turiwi kórsetilgen.

Mazkur maqolada maqom san’ati doirasida xonandaning ijro imkoniyatlarini to‘g‘ri baholash va samarali yo‘naltirishning nazariy va amaliy asoslari yoritiladi. Maqom asarlarining murakkab vokal tuzilmasi, ohangdorlik, frazalash, intonatsiya va badiiy ifoda jihatlari chuqur tahlil qilinib, xonandalarning vokal salohiyatini aniqlash, rivojlantirish va ijroga moslashtirish masalalari o‘rganiladi. Xususan, maqom xonandasi uchun zarur bo‘lgan vokal tayyorgarlik, nafas boshqaruvi, estetik tafakkur, psixofiziologik muvozanat va ijodiy yondashuvlar muhim omil sifatida ta’kidlanadi.