Diabet mellitus – bu insulin yetishmovchiligi yoki organizm to‘qimalarining unga nisbatan sezuvchanligining pasayishi natijasida yuzaga keladigan surunkali metabolik kasallik bo‘lib, doimiy giperglikemiya bilan kechadi. Ushbu maqolada diabetning tasnifi, etiologiyasi, patogenezi, klinik ko‘rinishlari va asoratlari yoritilgan. Shuningdek, zamonaviy davolash yondashuvlari – insulin terapiyasi, og‘iz orqali qabul qilinadigan gipoglikemik dorilar, inkretin asosidagi terapiya, SGLT2 ingibitorlari va istiqbolli hujayra hamda gen terapiyalari haqida ma’lumot berilgan. Kasallikni boshqarishda hayot tarzini o‘zgartirish, parhez terapiyasi va profilaktika choralarining ahamiyati alohida ta’kidlangan.

Chronic hepatitis B and C infections remain among the most pressing global public health challenges due to their widespread prevalence, silent progression, and potential to cause irreversible liver damage. The hepatotropic nature of HBV and HCV leads to persistent inflammation, immune-mediated injury, and significant morphological alterations at the hepatocyte level, ultimately resulting in fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate and characterize the cellular and subcellular morphological changes in hepatocytes in patients with chronic viral hepatitis B and C. Emphasis is placed on cytoplasmic vacuolization, nuclear polymorphism, ballooning degeneration, apoptotic and necrotic changes, Mallory-Denk bodies, and mitochondrial dysfunction. By integrating histopathological findings with current virological and immunological data, the study highlights the mechanisms by which chronic infection alters liver architecture and function. The analysis also underscores the role of liver biopsy and advanced imaging techniques in detecting these morphological patterns and supports the development of targeted therapeutic strategies. These insights are critical for improving early diagnosis, patient stratification, and long-term clinical outcomes in individuals affected by chronic viral hepatitis.

Mazkur maqolada O‘zbekistonda soliq qarzdorligini hisoblash tizimining hozirgi holati tahlil qilinib, uni takomillashtirish zarurati asoslab berilgan. Soliq qarzining davlat byudjetiga ta’siri, qarzdorlikni keltirib chiqaruvchi omillar va ularni bartaraf etish yo‘llari ko‘rib chiqilgan. Raqamlashtirish asosidagi yangi hisob-kitob tizimlari, sun’iy intellektdan foydalanish imkoniyatlari hamda nazoratning samarali mexanizmlari haqida takliflar bildirilgan.

Макалада баслаўыш класс оқыўшыларының руўхый интеллектуал өзгешеликлерин анықлаўда баслаўыш класс оқытыўшысы ўазыйпары, руўхый интеллектуал өзгешеликлерин қәлиплестириўдиң нәтийжели усыллары сөз етиледи.

Ushbu maqolada legal tech texnologiyalarining yuridik xizmatlar sohasidagi ekologik jihatlarini yaxshilash masalalari ko‘rib chiqilgan. Zamonaviy axborot texnologiyalari va raqamli yechimlarning huquqiy xizmatlar ko‘rsatishda atrofmuhitga ta’sirini kamaytirish imkoniyatlari tahlil qilingan. Maqolada ekologik yuridik xizmatlarni rivojlantirish yo‘nalishlari, qog‘ozsiz texnologiyalar, masofaviy xizmatlar va "yashil" huquqiy amaliyot tamoyillari yoritilgan.