This article examines parody and pastiche in Gafur Gulom’s Shum Bola, a landmark of Uzbek literature. Drawing on intertextual theory, it analyzes how Gulom employs these devices to construct a two‑layered narrative: an adventure story for children and a subtle social critique for adults. Parody operates through caricatured figures (the wealthy Sariboy) and the child protagonist Qoravoy, whose perspective defamiliarizes adult hypocrisy. Pastiche integrates folk jokes, fairy‑tale motifs, and three distinct speech styles-children’s, adult’s, and authorial-into a unified literary language. The study concludes that parody and pastiche served as essential artistic strategies for navigating Soviet-era ideological constraints while addressing universal moral questions, securing the work’s lasting significance.

Ushbu maqolada Aleksandr Faynbergning hayoti, ijodiy faoliyati va adabiyotdagi o‘rni keng tahlil qilinadi. Shoirning she’riyati, tarjimonlik faoliyati, badiiy uslubi va ikki millat — o‘zbek va rus adabiy muhitidagi hissasi batafsil yoritiladi. Shuningdek, uning ijodiy merosi zamonaviy adabiyot va madaniyatlararo aloqalardagi ahamiyati bilan baholanadi.

The integration of artificial intelligence into English language teaching has proceeded at markedly different paces and through divergent institutional models across national contexts. This study presents a comparative analysis of AI application in English language teaching in higher education between Uzbekistan and South Korea, two countries that represent contrasting positions on the spectrum of AI adoption in education. South Korea, which has committed approximately $740 million to AI-driven educational transformation between 2024 and 2026 and became the first nation to introduce AI digital textbooks nationwide, represents a top-down, policy-driven model of comprehensive AI integration. Uzbekistan, where AI adoption in education remains largely bottom-up and instructor-initiated despite growing governmental interest in digital transformation, represents an emerging model with substantial untapped potential. Employing a comparative case study methodology, this research draws on document analysis of national education policies, institutional surveys of 186 instructors in Uzbekistan and 142 instructors in South Korea, and semi-structured interviews with 24 educators across both countries. The analysis examines five comparative dimensions: national policy frameworks, institutional infrastructure, instructor preparedness, pedagogical integration models, and student engagement patterns. Findings reveal that while South Korea leads in systematic policy implementation and technological infrastructure, Uzbekistan demonstrates distinctive strengths in instructor-driven pedagogical innovation and multilingual AI adaptation. The study identifies transferable lessons from each context and proposes a Contextually Adaptive AI Integration Framework applicable to diverse educational systems globally.

Mazkur maqolada tashkilotlarda mehnat salohiyatining rivoji, unga ta’sir etuvchi ichki va tashqi omillar hamda istiqboldagi rivojlanish yo‘nalishlari tahlil qilingan. Xodimlarning bilim, ko‘nikma va malakasini oshirish, ularning kasbiy kompetensiyalarini zamonaviy talablar asosida shakllantirish tashkilot samaradorligini oshirishning muhim omili sifatida yoritilgan.

Mazkur maqolada Liriodendron tulipifera L. ning bioekologik xususiyatlari, uning tashqi muhit omillariga nisbatan reaksiyasi hamda yangi hududlarga introduksiya qilish jarayonida yuzaga keladigan muammolar kompleks tarzda tahlil qilindi. Tadqiqot davomida mazkur turning morfologik belgilarining shakllanishi, o‘sish dinamikasi va ekologik omillarga moslashuv mexanizmlari o‘rganildi. Shuningdek, kontinental iqlim sharoitida, xususan O‘zbekiston hududida, ushbu o‘simlikni yetishtirishda kuzatiladigan asosiy cheklovchi omillar aniqlanib, ularni minimallashtirishga qaratilgan agrotexnik yondashuvlar asoslab berildi. Olingan natijalar lola daraxtini landshaft dizayni va ko‘kalamzorlashtirishda qo‘llash istiqbollari mavjudligini ko‘rsatadi.