This article examines the role of speech acts in the development of pragmatic competence among EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners, with a specific focus on how language conveys social meaning. It explores how explicit instruction in requests, refusals, apologies, and other speech acts can improve learners' ability to communicate appropriately across cultural and situational contexts. The study argues for the inclusion of pragmatic elements in language teaching as a means of promoting authentic, socially aware communication.

Maqolada Yangi O‘zbekiston davrida oliy ta’lim muassasalarining tashkiliy boshqaruv va moliyaviy mustaqilligini ta’minlashda innovatsion texnologiyalarning tutgan o‘rni atroflicha tahlil qilinadi. Xususan, so‘nggi yillarda qabul qilingan strategik qarorlar, raqamli boshqaruv tizimlari, moliyaviy monitoring vositalari va xalqaro tajriba asosida amalga oshirilayotgan islohotlarning amaliy natijalari tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, mavjud muammolar, istiqbolli yo‘nalishlar va takliflar asosli ravishda bayon etiladi.

Maqolada Qashqadaryolik shoir Amir Xudoyberdi she’riyati leksikasi tahlilga tortilgan. Adib she’riyati leksikasi mavzuviy guruhlarga bo‘lib o‘rganilgan.

Mazkur maqolada 1868–1917 yillar oralig‘ida Samarqand viloyatida yuz bergan madaniy jarayonlar tahlil qilinadi. Rus imperiyasi tarkibiga qo‘shilishdan so‘ng hududda yuzaga kelgan ijtimoiy-madaniy o‘zgarishlar, yangi ta’lim tizimi, matbuot, teatr va boshqa madaniy institutlarning shakllanishi va ularning mahalliy jamiyat hayotiga ta’siri yoritilgan.

This scientific paper explores the general pathophysiological mechanisms of inflammation, a fundamental biological response to harmful stimuli such as infection, injury, or immune dysregulation. The study provides a comprehensive overview of the key stages of inflammation, including initiation, amplification, and resolution, as well as the complex cellular and molecular components involved. Special emphasis is placed on immune cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, along with inflammatory mediators including cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide. The work distinguishes between acute and chronic inflammation, explaining their unique features, triggers, and pathological consequences. Disruption in this process is highlighted as a major contributor to long-term inflammatory conditions such as autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Clinical implications, diagnostic markers, and therapeutic strategies targeting specific pathways of inflammation are also addressed. This research is intended to serve as a valuable resource for students of medical and biological sciences, healthcare professionals, and researchers interested in immunology and disease mechanisms.