The teaching of phraseological units in English, including idioms, collocations, and fixed expressions, presents unique challenges for language learners. Traditional methods often emphasize rote memorization, which may not effectively facilitate understanding or retention. This article explores the implementation of a learner-centered approach (LCA) in teaching English phraseological units, highlighting strategies that promote active engagement, contextual learning, and personalization. By examining theoretical frameworks and practical applications, this study aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of LCA in enhancing learners' comprehension and use of phraseological units.

Menopause is a critical transitional phase in a woman’s life characterized by the cessation of ovarian function and the end of menstruation. It is often accompanied by a range of physical, emotional, and metabolic symptoms that vary in intensity and duration. Recent research indicates that vitamin D plays a significant role not only in bone metabolism but also in the modulation of menopausal symptoms. The aim of this study was to investigate the features of the menopausal course in women diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency and determine how hypovitaminosis D influences the severity of menopausal manifestations. The study revealed a notable correlation between low serum levels of vitamin D and the severity of vasomotor symptoms, mood disorders, sleep disturbances, and musculoskeletal pain. This research underlines the importance of monitoring and correcting vitamin D levels in peri- and postmenopausal women to reduce symptom burden and improve overall quality of life. The menopausal period represents a pivotal phase in the physiological aging process of women, characterized by profound hormonal, psychological, and metabolic transitions. Beyond the well-documented decline in estrogen levels, micronutrient imbalances—particularly vitamin D deficiency—have emerged as critical modifiers of menopausal health outcomes. This study explores the intricate interplay between hypovitaminosis D and the clinical progression of menopause, focusing on symptom intensity, systemic complications, and quality of life implications. The investigation, conducted on a representative cohort of postmenopausal women, revealed a significant amplification of menopausal discomfort in individuals with deficient serum vitamin D levels. Notably, manifestations such as thermal dysregulation, cognitive disturbances, emotional instability, and skeletal complaints were disproportionately prevalent in this subgroup. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic target in vitamin D optimization to mitigate the climacteric burden and promote healthier aging trajectories among menopausal populations.

Ушбу мақола олий таълим институтлари, академик лицей ва коллежлар ҳамда умумтаълим мактабларида матншунослик ва адабий манбушунослик алоқадор фанлар ўқитувчилари ва адабиётга қизиққан ҳар бир киши учун ХVII асрнинг иккинчи ярмида Тошкентда таваллуд топган маш¬ҳур файласуф шоир ва мутасаввуф олим-Мавлоно Хароботий ҳақида, унинг бизгача етиб келган “Куллиёт”, “Маснавийи Хароботий” ва “Рисолаи фақрийя” асарларида шариатнинг фиқҳга оид масалалари, тасаввуфнинг асосий қоидалари, одоб-ахлоқ ҳамда ҳаётга нисбатан бўлган фалсафий муносабатлари маснавий усулида баён этилгани ва комил инсонни тарбиялаш йўлидаги аҳамияти ҳақида маълумот беради.

“Maqoms are a musical genre that has existed in the peoples of the East since ancient times. They were created by professional musicians and singers on the basis of the unique musical wealth of these peoples and emerged as an independent musical genre in the process of long cultural and historical development.”

Mazkur maqolada Amir Temur va uning avlodlari – Shohrux Mirzo hamda Sulton Abusaid Mirzoning G‘arbiy hududlarga, xususan Ozarbayjon, Eron va Iroq tomonlaridagi yurishlari tarixiy manbalar asosida yoritilgan. Harbiy yurishlarning asosiy sabablari, yurish jarayonidagi siyosiy voqealar, hududlar o‘zgarishi, hukmdorlar o‘rtasidagi kurashlar va ularning natijalari tahlil qilingan. Temuriylarning Ozarbayjon ustidan olib borgan siyosati va harbiy strategiyasi tarixiy bosqichlar asosida bayon etilgan.