Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Despite the effectiveness of standard anti-tubercular therapy (ATT), limitations such as drug resistance, long treatment duration, toxicity, and poor patient compliance necessitate alternative or complementary therapeutic strategies. Herbal medicine, a cornerstone of traditional medicine systems, has emerged as a promising adjunct in TB management. This review explores the pharmacological potential of medicinal plants with antimycobacterial, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory properties. Key herbs, their active constituents, and mechanisms of action are discussed. Integration of herbal medicine in TB treatment may enhance therapeutic efficacy, reduce adverse effects, and improve patient outcomes, though more clinical trials are required to validate efficacy and safety.

Mazkur maqolada o‘zbek tilidagi gul nomlari va ularni ifoda etuvchi so‘zlarning semantik xususiyatlari o‘rganiladi. Leksik-semantik tahlil asosida gul nomlarining milliy-madaniy xususiyatlari, obrazlilik darajasi hamda ularning metaforik va poetik ma’noda qo‘llanish holatlari yoritiladi. Mumtoz adabiyotda, ayniqsa Alisher Navoiy she’riyatida, gul obrazining poetik, ramziy va semantik jihatdan teran qo‘llanishi kuzatiladi. Shu sababli gul nomlarini faqat botanik terminlar sifatida emas, balki semantik struktura, poetik timsol, va lingvokulturologik birlik sifatida tadqiq qilish muhimdir. Shuningdek, turli adabiy manbalarda gul nomlarining sinonim, antonim, metafora va metonimiya kabi usullar bilan qanday ifodalangani tahlil qilinadi.

Ushbu maqolada Vatanimiz ijtimoiy hayotidagi o‘zgarishlar, yangilanishlar qatorida O‘zbekiston hududidagi muzeylar faoliyatidagi yangi davr haqida ma’lumot beradi.

Ushbu maqolada atov gaplarning ma’nosi, shakllanishi va maktab darsliklarida ularning qo‘llanilish usullari o‘rganildi. Atov gaplar nutqni yanada jonlantirish, ta’sirchanlikni oshirish va mavzuni aniq ifodalashda muhim vosita hisoblanadi. Tadqiqotda atov gaplarning turli turlari tahlil qilinib, ularni o‘quvchilarga samarali o‘rgatish metodikalari ko‘rib chiqildi. Mashqlar yordamida atov gaplarni to‘g‘ri qo‘llash usullari va darsliklardagi misollar tahlil qilindi. Natijalar atov gaplarni o‘rgatish jarayonini takomillashtirishga xizmat qilishi mumkin.

Antibiotic resistance in pneumonia is an escalating global health concern that undermines the effectiveness of current treatments and increases morbidity and mortality rates. This paper reviews the key mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance to commonly used antibiotics, including enzymatic drug degradation, target site modification, and efflux pumps. The impact of resistant pathogens on clinical outcomes, treatment strategies, and healthcare systems is discussed. Emphasis is placed on the importance of antibiotic stewardship programs, vaccination, and rapid diagnostic techniques in managing resistant infections. The review also highlights ongoing research into novel therapeutics and the need for coordinated global efforts to mitigate antibiotic resistance. Effective management of antibiotic resistance in pneumonia is critical for improving patient outcomes and safeguarding public health.