Мақолада пора олиш ва бериш жараёнида воситачилик қилиш жиноятининг жиноий-ҳуқуқий жиҳатлари назарий ва амалий нуқтаи назардан таҳлил қилинган. Англия ва Германия ҳуқуқ тизимлари мисолида воситачиликнинг ҳуқуқий талқини, корпоратив жавобгарлик масалалари ва иштирокчилик институти очиб берилган. Хулоса сифатида, воситачилик пора беришнинг алоҳида шакли эмас, балки уни амалга оширишнинг канали сифатида баҳоланиши лозимлиги илмий асосланган.

This article looks at how social and cultural differences affect English learning in a 9th-grade class in Bukhara, Uzbekistan. All students speak Uzbek as their first language, but they come from different regions, families, and situations. Some have private tutors, internet access, and support at home, while others rely only on school lessons. These differences influence how confident students feel and how quickly they learn. Gender roles, ethnic background, and social class also shape how students use English in class. The article explains how sociolinguistics—the study of language and society—can help teachers understand these differences. It also shows how ideas about “correct English” can sometimes make students less confident. The paper suggests ways to make teaching and assessment more inclusive, such as allowing students to use their home languages, valuing different varieties of English, and focusing on real communication skills. By looking at language learning through a sociolinguistic lens, teachers can create fairer classrooms where every student feels respected and supported.

В данной статье анализируется роль и значение слов и терминов иностранного происхождения, активно используемых в сферах строительства и торговли, в лингвистической системе узбекского языка. Рассматриваются их лексико-семантические и фонетико-морфологические особенности, а также практическое применение.

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the types of water meters and their operating principles. The article analyzes the design features, measurement principles, and technical indicators of mechanical (vane and turbine), electromagnetic, ultrasonic, vortex, and other modern meters. For each type, a working scheme, real photos, and examples of practical application are provided. Special attention is also paid to the differences between meters based on traditional and digital technologies, their advantages and limitations, and installation and maintenance requirements.

Ushbu maqolada glaukomaning etiologiyasi, patogenezi, klinik belgilari, diagnostika usullari va zamonaviy davolash yondashuvlari ilmiy manbalar asosida yoritilgan. Aholining kasallik to’g’risida xabardorligini oshirish va erta tashxis qo’yishni yo’lga qo’yish glaukoma oqibatlarini kamaytirish asosiy maqsad qilib olingan.