Ushbu ilmiy maqola milliy hududiy chegaralar mavzusini tahlil qiladi, ularning tarixiy rivojlanishini, suverenitet bilan bog'liqligini va zamonaviy global siyosatdagi o'rnini o'rganadi. Milliy hududiy chegaralar davlatlarning suvereniteti, iqtisodiy aloqalar va ijtimoiy strukturalari bilan chambarchas bog'liq bo'lib, xalqaro munosabatlarda muhim ta'sir ko'rsatadi. Maqolada, tarixiy davrlarda milliy hududiy chegaralarning shakllanishi, o'rta asrlardagi hududiy mojarolar, va 20-asrda yangi davlatlarning paydo bo'lishi haqida batafsil tahlil keltirilgan. Shuningdek, zamonaviy dunyodagi hududiy nizolar va global migratsiya oqimlari haqida muhokama qilinadi. Milliy hududiy chegaralarning o'zgarishi xalqaro siyosatda, iqtisodiyotda va xavfsizlikda jiddiy muammolarni keltirib chiqarishi mumkin.

Ushbu maqola Sovet Ittifoqi davrida Surxondaryo viloyatining madaniy hayotini o'rganishga bag'ishlangan. Unda madaniy siyosat, teatr va san'at, kutubxonalar, matbuot, ta'lim va ilm-fan rivoji yillik faktlar asosida yoritilgan. Sovet davrida viloyat madaniyatida sodir bo'lgan o'zgarishlar tahlil qilinadi va ularning mahalliy aholi hayotiga ta'siri ko'rib chiqiladi. Maqola hudud tarixini o'rganishda muhim ilmiy ahamiyatga ega.

Fair competition in the marketplace benefits consumers, sellers, and society; however, in some cases, certain traders may resort to unfair methods or violate competition laws and harm each other's commercial interests. In such cases, the issues of civil and criminal liability arise from unfair competition. Unfair competition can be defined as any competition that is conducted contrary to the norms of honorable conduct and trade. It is an aggressive behavior that arises from the misuse of a specific freedom related to commercial activities that is not inherently prohibited and is permissible when used normally. The legislator has defined acceptable methods and fair competition to maintain market order and gain profit, and traders must use these legal methods in their transactions to avoid causing disorder in the market and harm to others. This article examines the enforcement mechanisms arising from unfair commercial competition in the legal system of Afghanistan. The findings indicate that the enforcement mechanisms arising from unfair competition in the legal system of Afghanistan include: compensation for damages, restoration of the previous state, monetary fines and in some cases imprisonment.

This article explores the concept of accountability in international organizations, focusing on how control by members and access to information are critical indicators of accountability. It highlights the mechanisms through which member states or shareholders can exert influence over decision-making processes, especially in intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations. The article delves into the roles of governing and executive bodies in these organizations, examining the importance of equitable representation and transparency. It also addresses how access to information influences organizational accountability, emphasizing that without proper disclosure, stakeholders cannot effectively hold organizations accountable. Additional indicators, such as the process of appointing senior officials, decision enforcement, evaluation procedures, consultation with external stakeholders, complaint mechanisms, and social responsibility, are briefly discussed.

"Hodisalar o’rtasidagi bog’lanishlarni statistik o’rganish" mavzusi statistika fanining asosiy yo‘nalishlaridan biri bo‘lib, turli jarayonlar va hodisalarning o‘zaro ta’sirini aniqlashga qaratilgan. Ushbu mavzu hodisalar o‘rtasidagi miqdoriy bog‘liqlikni o‘rganish orqali, ular orasidagi sabab-oqibat munosabatlarini tushunish imkonini beradi. Statistika usullari, xususan, korrelyatsiya va regression tahlil, dispersiya tahlili, variatsion tahlil vositasida hodisalarning o‘zaro aloqadorligi va ular o‘rtasidagi munosabatlarning kuchi baholanadi. Mazkur mavzu nazariy bilimlarni amaliyot bilan bog‘lashda alohida ahamiyatga ega bo‘lib, iqtisodiyot, ijtimoiy soha, sog‘liqni saqlash, qishloq xo‘jaligi kabi turli sohalarda samarali qo‘llaniladi. Bu o‘rganishlar orqali qaror qabul qilish jarayonlarini ilmiy asosda tashkil qilish, resurslardan samarali foydalanish va rivojlanish strategiyalarini ishlab chiqish mumkin bo‘ladi. Shu sababli, statistik bog‘lanishlarni o‘rganish fan va amaliyotdagi dolzarb muammolarni hal qilishda muhim ahamiyatga ega.