In our study, we examined white laboratory rats born from control and experimental mothers with hypothyroidism. As a result of morphological analysis of the pancreas in different periods of postnatal ontogenesis, significant changes in the delay in the development and formation of individual components of the vascular wall were revealed compared to the control group. From the first days after the start of the experiment, changes in the arterial wall were noted in all experimental animals. The results show that morphological changes in the cells of the pancreas and its blood vessels occur in the offspring born from mothers with hypothyroidism.

Reading plays a vital role in English language acquisition as it helps learners improve vocabulary, grammar, and comprehension skills. Through reading, students are exposed to various sentence structures, idiomatic expressions, and contextual usage of words, which enhances their language proficiency. It also increases motivation and interest in learning, especially when learners choose materials that match their interests and level. Reading not only develops language input but also supports other language skills such as writing and speaking. Furthermore, it encourages independent learning and critical thinking. Effective reading strategies and regular reading habits can significantly speed up the process of acquiring English. Therefore, reading is considered one of the most effective and accessible tools in second language learning.

Одной из общих закономерностей комплексообразования ионов металлов с модифицированными КПАВ реагентами различных ти¬пов является расширение интервала взаимодействия на 1-2 ед. рН в кислую или щелочную области. Кроме того, в присутствии КПАВ наблюдается активация комплексообразования ряда легкогидро¬лизующихся ионов W(VI), Sn(IV), Mo(VI), Ge(IV), Ti(IV), Nb(V), Ta(V) и прочих с указанными реагентами в сильнокислых средах. Комплексообразование протекает при такой кислотности, при ко¬торой взаимодействие в системах М - R обычно отсутствует. По¬следний факт очень важен с прикладной точки зрения, поскольку существенно повышает селективность и воспроизводимость опре¬деления указанных элементов. Смещение рН комплексообразования элементов с модифициро-ванными реагентами на несколько единиц для слабокислой, нейт¬ральной и слабощелочной сред легко объясняется с позиций особен¬ностей образования ассоциатов, рассмотренных в предыдущих раз¬делах. Поскольку устойчивые гидрофобные ассоциаты образуются и фиксируются в спектрах на 1-2 ед. рН раньше, чем появляются полосы поглощения соответствующей ионизированной формы, то и образование хелатов с такими ассоциатами также фиксируется по спектрам поглощения значительно раньше, а рН1/2 (рН половин¬ного образования) ассоциата и соответствующего хелата коррели¬руют между собой.

The teaching of speech acts in the English language, especially as a second or foreign language (ESL/EFL), must employ a manner that is thoroughly systematic, well-grounded theoretically and innovative if the situation is to guarantee the learners' effective acquisition of communicative competence. The aim was, among other objectives, to create didactic systems and to design instructional materials that might improve students' abilities, directly or indirectly, to know and then apply in practice these pragmatic rules. Drawing from Speech Act Theory, Politeness Theory, and Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT), the present study's intent was to evaluate methods which could serve as interactive, authentic, and culture-sensitive resources for pedagogical implementation in support of pragmatic competence. Data sources comprised classroom observations, role-plays, case studies, and reflective analyses. From the study, it has been learned that the integration of multimedia resources, real-life scenarios, and collaborative tasks strongly enhanced learners' competences in enacting acts of conversational cooperation: invitations, refusals, and requests. The study concludes with practical suggestions on didactic designs meant to direct the course of learners with respect to pragmalinguistic fluency and socialversible creativity.

Mazkur maqolada O‘zbekiston Respublikasida temir yo‘l transporti infratuzilmasini modernizatsiyalash jarayonini samarali boshqarish masalalari chuqur tahlil qilingan. Respublikada transport-kommunikatsiya tarmoqlarini rivojlantirish bo‘yicha olib borilayotgan islohotlar kontekstida temir yo‘l infratuzilmasining ahamiyati, u orqali iqtisodiy o‘sish, hududlararo integratsiya, eksport-import salohiyatini kengaytirish va logistika tizimini takomillashtirish imkoniyatlari yoritilgan. Maqolada temir yo‘l tizimidagi mavjud infratuzilmaning holati, eskirgan texnika va texnologiyalar, tashish jarayonlaridagi logistik to‘siqlar, hamda moliyalashtirish mexanizmlaridagi muammolar tahlil etilgan. Shuningdek, zamonaviy boshqaruv texnologiyalarini joriy qilish, avtomatlashtirilgan nazorat tizimlarini kengaytirish, raqamli transformatsiya va xorijiy ilg‘or tajribalarni milliy sharoitga moslashtirish bo‘yicha takliflar ilgari surilgan. Muallif tomonidan, temir yo‘l infratuzilmasini modernizatsiyalash bo‘yicha milliy strategiyani ishlab chiqish, davlat-xususiy sheriklik asosidagi loyihalarni faollashtirish, logistika markazlarini tashkil etish va tranzit imkoniyatlarini kengaytirish kabi strategik yo‘nalishlar asosida taklif va tavsiyalar ishlab chiqilgan. Bunda har bir taklifning iqtisodiy samaradorligi, investitsiyaviy jozibadorligi va uzoq muddatli ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy natijalari asoslab berilgan.