This article is due to the fact that the study of ways of reflecting culture in language and human society contributes to the knowledge of other cultures and mentality, serves the development of intercultural communication. The purpose of this work is to identify the origins and trace the development of cultural linguistics as an independent scientific discipline, as well as to analyze its current state.

Higher nervous activity (HNA) and memory are central components of human cognitive functioning, forming the foundation for perception, learning, problem-solving, and behavior regulation. This article explores the physiological and psychological mechanisms of HNA, including cortical-subcortical interactions, synaptic plasticity, conditioned reflexes, and types of inhibitory control. Memory is examined in relation to neural processing, consolidation, storage, and retrieval, emphasizing the role of the hippocampus, amygdala, limbic system, and cerebral cortex. Special attention is given to classical and operant conditioning, associative learning, and long-term potentiation (LTP) as biological mechanisms of memory formation. The article summarizes recent findings in neurobiology, cognitive science, and psychophysiology, highlighting their role in education, mental health, and behavioral training.

Baxshichilik san’atida Janubiy Oʻzbekiston dostonchilik maktablari oʻziga xos oʻringa ega boʻlib, uning badihagoʻyligi, aytish usulining shoʻxligi va repertuaridagi dostonlarning boshqa dostonchilik maktablarida uchramasligi kabi diqqatga sazovor jihatlari bor. Mazkur maqolada Chiroqchi dostonchilik maktabi repertuari, maktab vakillarining ijodiy an’analari va Shomurod shoirning badiiy mahorati haqida soʻz boradi.

Ushbu maqolada O‘zbekiston Respublikasining Konstitutsiyasi jamiyat va davlat hayotida tutgan o‘rni, inson huquq va erkinliklarini ta’minlashdagi roli, farovon jamiyat barpo etishdagi ahamiyati hamda islohotlarni huquqiy jihatdan mustahkamlashdagi vazifalari tahlil qilinadi. Shuningdek, yangi tahrirdagi Konstitutsiyaning demokratik tamoyillarni mustahkamlashga, kuchli fuqarolik jamiyatini shakllantirishga hamda inson qadri ulug‘lanadigan tuzum barpo etishga qo‘shayotgan hissasi ilmiy-nazariy asosda sharhlanadi.

В данной статье анализируются процессы формирования и развития политических партий в Иране в период правления династии Пехлеви (1925–1979 гг.), а также их взаимоотношения с государственным строем. В исследовании рассматриваются политические свободы, роль оппозиционных и правительственных партий в эпоху Резы-шаха и Мохаммеда Резы-шаха, а также социально-политические предпосылки, приведшие к Исламской революции 1979 года.