Ushbu maqolada buyrak tosh kasalligi (nephrolithiasis) bilan og‘rigan bemorlarda so‘lak fassiyasi mikrokristallaridagi biomarkerlarni aniqlash orqali erta tashxis qo‘yishning zamonaviy usullari tadqiq etilgan. Tadqiqotda 30-65 yosh oralig‘idagi 150 nafar bemorning so‘lak namunalari polarizatsion mikroskopiya, Raman spektroskopiya, infraqizil spektroskopiya (FTIR) va mass-spektrometriya usullari yordamida tahlil qilingan. Natijalarga ko‘ra, bemorlarning 80% dan ortig‘rog‘i kalsiy oksalat mikrokristallar aniqlangan, bu esa ularning klinik ahamiyatini ko‘rsatadi. So‘lak biomarkerlari tahlillari noinvaziv, tezkor va rentgen-negativ toshlarni aniqlash imkoniyatini beruvchi usul bo‘lib, an’anaviy diagnostika usullari bilan solishtirilganda bir qator afzalliklarga ega.

This article examines the role of inflammation and immunological mechanisms in myocardial infarction. The results of the study show that inflammation and the immune response in the process of myocardial infarction are a complex, multi-stage process. The inflammatory reaction affects tissue damage in the infarct zone and the remodeling of the heart muscle. At the initial stage, mediators released from damaged cells activate the immune system, which can enhance the processes of necrosis and fibrosis. The immunological response also plays an important role in the cleansing and regeneration of the myocardial infarction site, but excessive inflammation and immune response can increase the risk of heart failure.

This article examines the pedagogical aspects of forming learning motivation in primary school students. Students' interest in the educational process, activity, and internal desire to learn directly affect educational effectiveness. The article identifies the teacher's approach, personal interests, the role of the educational environment, and student-teacher relationships as important factors in forming the motivation process. It also emphasizes that students' motivation to learn can be increased through motivational methods, interactive learning, and practical activities. The article also examines the importance of using pedagogical technologies, encouraging students to think independently, and socio-psychological motivation. These recommendations will help teachers organize the educational process in primary school more effectively. Thus, this work is devoted to the study of theoretical and practical aspects of the formation of learning motivation in primary school students.

Ушу бу мақолада ўзбеклар ва қорақалпоқлар ўртасидаги дўстлик. Ушбу халқлар ўртасидаги ўзаро тушуниш ва ҳамкорлик турли маданий ва маърифий тадбирлар ўзбек ва қорақалпоқлар уруғ ва қабилаларининг таркиби хакида сўз юритилади.

Mazkur maqolada pedagogika kasbining jamiyat rivojlanishidagi o‘rni tahlil qilingan. Pedagoglarning ta’lim jarayonidagi roli, ularning intellektual va axloqiy salohiyatni shakllantirishdagi ahamiyati ochib beriladi. Shuningdek, O‘zbekiston va xorijiy mamlakatlar tajribasi asosida pedagogikaning jamiyat taraqqiyotiga ta’siri ilmiy jihatdan tahlil qilinadi.