Ushbu maqolada fuqarolik jamiyati, fuqarolik jamiyati to’g’risidagi ilk qarashlar, uning tashkil etilishi va ushbu jamiyatning bugungi kundaki ahamiyati borasida fikr mulohazalar yuritildi.

This paper explores the semantic differences in the expressions of emotion in English and Uzbek, shedding light on how language and culture shape emotional communication. The study investigates the ways both languages convey basic emotions, such as happiness, sadness, anger, and fear, and how cultural values influence the choice of expressions, nuances, and intensity in each language. In English, emotions are often expressed with a focus on individual experiences, emphasizing explicit descriptions and metaphorical language. In contrast, Uzbek, as part of a high-context culture, tends to encode emotional expressions with subtle cultural references, idiomatic expressions, and implicit meanings, often prioritizing the social context and collective values. By analyzing common idioms, metaphors, and vocabulary related to emotions, this research highlights key linguistic distinctions that reveal the cultural underpinnings of emotional expression in English and Uzbek. These findings contribute to cross-cultural communication studies, helping to deepen understanding of how emotions are perceived, experienced, and articulated across different linguistic and cultural frameworks.

Bul maqalada baqsıshılıq kórkem óneriniń ózgeshelikleri, Qaraqalpaq muzikasi jáne baqsiları hám atqariw usili shertiw jolları haqqında sóz etilgen.

The prevalence of infectious diseases of the respiratory system and, first of all, pneumonia among the population, the presence of various etiological factors and conditions for the appearance of diseases, doctors of various specialties - therapists, surgeons, neuropathologists - predetermine the occurrence of this disease. Faced with this pathology. Few or atypical clinical signs characteristic of the modern course of pneumonia complicate the diagnosis and complicate the treatment of the patient. The presence of diseases accompanied by decompensation against the background of an infectious lung lesion worsens the prognosis and increases the risk of death. It is especially important to correctly diagnose infectious lung disease in time and to prescribe adequate antibacterial therapy.

В рамках модели нестационарного движения многофазной многокомпонентной смеси приводится численного моделирования двухмерного осесимметричного нестационарного движения дисперсной трёхфазной реагирующей смеси двух компонентного газа, частиц унитарного топлива и однородных инертных частиц. Изучено влияние неоднородности инертных частиц на прерывание распространения волн гетерогенной детонации в монодисперсных газовзвесях.