В статье рассматривается значение научно-исследовательской деятельности в педагогике как инструмента поиска эффективных форм работы с детьми старшего дошкольного возраста. Особое внимание уделено использованию квест-игр как средства формирования навыков сотрудничества у детей 6–7 лет. Представлены результаты анализа теоретических подходов и обозначены практические рекомендации по организации квест-игр в образовательной деятельности.

Ushbu maqolada aholini jismoniy tarbiyaga jalb etishning samaradorligini baholash tizimi va uning ahamiyati tahlil qilinadi. Aholini jismoniy tarbiyaga jalb qilish, nafaqat jismoniy sog‘likni yaxshilash, balki ruhiy holatni, farovonlikni oshirish va jamiyatda sog‘lom turmush tarzini targ‘ib qilishga ham katta hissa qo‘shadi. Maqolada baholash tizimi uchun qo‘llaniladigan metodologik yondashuvlar, ko‘rsatkichlar va zamonaviy usullar taqdim etiladi. Samaradorlikni baholashda ishlatiladigan metodlar, shu jumladan statistik tahlil, so‘rovnomalar va ko‘rsatkichlar tahlili kabi usullar hamda jismoniy tarbiya faoliyatini takomillashtirish bo‘yicha takliflar keltirilgan. Ushbu maqola aholini jismoniy tarbiyaga jalb qilish bo‘yicha samarali tizimlarni yaratishga va sog‘lom turmush tarzini shakllantirishga qaratilgan ilmiy asoslarni taqdim etadi.

In international documents, various definitions of torture have been presented, with the most comprehensive and reasonable being the definition provided in the Convention Against Torture of 1984. Article 1 of this Convention states that, for the purposes of the Convention, the term "torture" refers to any intentional act that causes severe physical or mental pain or suffering to a person, for the purpose of obtaining information or confessions from him or a third person. It also encompasses punishing a person for an act that he or a third person has committed or is suspected of committing, or threatening or coercing him or a third person. Punishment based on any form of discrimination is also considered torture. However, the same article adds that pain and suffering resulting from the inherent or incidental characteristics of lawful penalties are excluded from this definition. Among the international guarantees against torture in the international legal system are the Convention Against Torture of 1984, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Geneva Conventions, the Statute of the International Criminal Court, the European Convention on Human Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights, and the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. Establishing the position of the prohibition of torture in the international legal system as one of the absolute principles contributes to preventing violations of the prohibition of torture, upholding human rights, and ensuring fair trials within the judicial process.

Ushbu maqolada ramziy interaksionizm nazariyasining asosiy tamoyillari chuqur tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqot asosida Blumer (1969), Mead (1934), Cooley (1902), Goffman (1959), Stryker (1980), Denzin (1992), Schutz (1967), Garfinkel (1967) kabi nazariya asoschilari va zamonaviy izlanishlar natijalari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Maqola ramziy interaksionizmning asosiy g‘oyalari – ma’no qurilishi, o‘zaro ta’sirning roli, shaxsning shakllanishi va ijtimoiy konstruktsiyalarni anglash mexanizmlarini keng ko‘lamda ilmiy ma’lumotlar, raqamlar va statistik dalillar yordamida tahlil qiladi. Natijalar sotsiologiya, psixologiya va ijtimoiy psixologiya fanlariga amaliy va nazariy hissa qo‘shadi.

This paper explores the effectiveness and safety of anesthetic support methods used in pediatric outpatient surgery. Outpatient procedures in children require careful anesthetic planning due to their unique physiological and psychological characteristics. The paper examines various anesthetic techniques including general, regional, and local anesthesia with sedation, highlighting their applications, benefits, and limitations. It also discusses essential safety measures such as preoperative assessment, intraoperative monitoring, and postoperative care. Special attention is given to recent advancements in pediatric anesthesia, such as short-acting drugs, improved monitoring systems, and multimodal analgesia. The findings emphasize the importance of a multidisciplinary approach involving trained specialists, child-centered protocols, and evidence-based practices to ensure successful and safe surgical outcomes.