Abstract. This study examines the role of epidemiological analysis and modern preventive approaches in reducing the prevalence and progression of common dental diseases. Particular attention is given to dental caries and periodontal diseases, which remain among the most frequently encountered oral health conditions. The study considers the influence of oral hygiene, dietary habits, irregular dental attendance, socioeconomic factors, and delayed treatment on the development of dental pathology. Epidemiological assessment helps identify high-risk population groups and provides a basis for developing targeted preventive programs. Modern prevention includes regular dental examinations, professional oral hygiene, appropriate fluoride use, dietary counseling, early diagnosis, and individualized risk assessment. The integration of epidemiological monitoring with preventive dental care may contribute to earlier detection of disease, reduction of avoidable complications, and improvement of long-term oral health outcomes.