FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE ADRENAL GLAND IN METABOLIC SYNDROME: THE HPA AXIS, ALDOSTERONE, AND THE EMERGING MASAD CONCEPT
21.09.2026 "Modern Science and Research" xalqaro ilmiy jurnali 1 seriyasi. Volume 5 Issue 9
Abstract. Metabolic syndrome(MetS) affects a substantial proportion of adults worldwide and is defined, according to the harmonized criteria issued jointly by the International Diabetes Federation, the American Heart Association, and other major bodies, by the co-occurrence of at least three of five components: abdominal obesity, elevated triglycerides, reduced HDL-cholesterol, hypertension, and elevated fasting glucose
Keywords: This review integrates these four threads into a single narrative, moving from functional (hormonal) to structural (morphological) and finally to clinical manifestations, with the goal of presenting the adrenal gland as an active, modifiable component of metabolic syndrome rather than a downstream bystander.
