Abstract. Oligohydramnios is a significant obstetric complication associated with increased risks of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. This study examines the significance of placental morphofunctional changes in the development of oligohydramnios. Particular attention is given to structural alterations of the placenta, including villous fibrosis, vascular sclerosis, trophoblastic degeneration, placental infarctions, and impaired microcirculation. These pathological changes contribute to placental insufficiency, resulting in inadequate oxygen and nutrient supply to the fetus. The study also analyzes the relationship between placental dysfunction and reduced amniotic fluid volume, fetal growth restriction, chronic intrauterine hypoxia, and other perinatal complications. Modern diagnostic approaches, including ultrasonography, Doppler velocimetry, and histopathological examination, are discussed as important tools for the early detection of placental abnormalities. Understanding the morphofunctional changes of the placenta in oligohydramnios is essential for improving prenatal diagnosis, preventing adverse pregnancy outcomes, and optimizing maternal and fetal health.