Abstract. Higher nervous activity (HNA) and memory are central components of human cognitive functioning, forming the foundation for perception, learning, problem-solving, and behavior regulation. This article explores the physiological and psychological mechanisms of HNA, including cortical-subcortical interactions, synaptic plasticity, conditioned reflexes, and types of inhibitory control. Memory is examined in relation to neural processing, consolidation, storage, and retrieval, emphasizing the role of the hippocampus, amygdala, limbic system, and cerebral cortex. Special attention is given to classical and operant conditioning, associative learning, and long-term potentiation (LTP) as biological mechanisms of memory formation. The article summarizes recent findings in neurobiology, cognitive science, and psychophysiology, highlighting their role in education, mental health, and behavioral training.