Abstract. The Khanate of Khiva was an important agent of the fragmented political structure in Turkestan after the Temirids. In 1873, the territories of West Turkestan occupied by Russia became a Russian mandate. The reformist Jadidism movement in Turkestan, after technical, social and political reforms, first focused on educational and cultural reforms, and naturally this movement also influenced Khiva and Bukhara khanates. The Jadidist movement in Turkestan, which was heavily influenced by the uprisings of 1905 and 1907 in Russia, influenced democratic movements in the Islamic world. Under the influence of the Ottoman John Turks (Young Ottomans) movement, the movement in Turkestan was named "Yosh Khivalik activities", and under the influence of the Bolsheviks, the "Yosh Khivalik movement" began to turn into a politically oriented revolutionary movement. Their main goal was to get rid of the tyranny of the Russian tsar and establish a democratic state. Thus, they wanted to help the Bolsheviks, who changed the direction of the movement to achieve their goals. This article analyzes the social, economic and political situation in the Khanate of Turkestan under the Russian regime.