XIX asr oxiri va XX asr boshlarida Turk birligi g’oyasining shakllanishi Markaziy Osiyo tarixidagi eng muhim intellektual va ijtimoiy-siyosiy jarayonlardan biri hisoblanadi. Mazkur jarayon Rossiya imperiyasining mustamlakachilik siyosati, mustamlakaviy modernizatsiya, an’anaviy ta’lim tizimining tanazzuli hamda Turkiston musulmon xalqlari orasida milliy uyg’onish ehtiyojining kuchayishi sharoitida vujudga keldi. Turk birligi g’oyasi faqat siyosiy panturkizmning ifodasi sifatida emas, balki ta’lim islohoti, madaniy modernizatsiya, til birligi va Rossiya imperiyasi tarkibidagi turkiy xalqlar o’rtasidagi intellektual hamkorlik jarayonlari orqali shakllangan murakkab mafkuraviy hodisa sifatida namoyon bo’ldi. Mazkur tadqiqot Turk birligi g’oyasining mafkuraviy asoslarini Ismoil G’aspirali, Mahmudxo’ja Behbudiy, Abdurauf Fitrat, Abdulla Avloniy, Munavvar qori Abdurashidxonov hamda jadidchilik harakatining boshqa yetakchi namoyandalari faoliyatini tahlil qilish orqali o’rganadi. Tadqiqotda tarixiy-qiyosiy tahlil, diskurs tahlili hamda intellektual tarix metodologiyasi qo’llanilib, ta’lim islohotlari, zamonaviy matbuotning shakllanishi, teatr, adabiyot va siyosiy tashkilotlarning Turkistonda milliy o’zlik haqidagi qarashlar evolyutsiyasiga ko’rsatgan ta’siri yoritiladi.

Mazkur maqolada kichik biznes va xususiy tadbirkorlik subyektlarini tijorat banklari tomonidan qo‘llab-quvvatlashning iqtisodiy mazmuni, amaldagi mexanizmlari hamda ularni takomillashtirish yo‘nalishlari “Hamkorbank” ATB faoliyati misolida o‘rganilgan. Tadqiqotda kichik biznesni kreditlash, bank xizmatlaridan foydalanish imkoniyatlarini kengaytirish, kredit risklarini baholash, imtiyozli moliyalashtirish, raqamli bank xizmatlari va tadbirkorlarga maslahat ko‘rsatish tizimining ahamiyati tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, tadbirkorlik subyektlarining moliyaviy resurslardan foydalanishida uchraydigan yuqori foiz stavkalari, ta’minot yetishmasligi, kredit olish jarayonining murakkabligi va moliyaviy savodxonlik darajasining pastligi kabi muammolar yoritilgan. Tahlil natijasida kichik biznesni moliyalashtirishda individual yondashuvni kuchaytirish, muqobil kredit baholash tizimlarini joriy etish, masofaviy xizmatlarni rivojlantirish, kredit mahsulotlarini diversifikatsiya qilish hamda bank va tadbirkor o‘rtasidagi uzoq muddatli hamkorlikni mustahkamlash bo‘yicha takliflar ishlab chiqilgan.

В статье исследуются современные механизмы финансирования инновационных инвестиционных проектов в условиях модернизации экономики Республики Узбекистан. Рассмотрены теоретические основы и практические аспекты формирования эффективной системы финансового обеспечения инновационной деятельности. Проведен анализ динамики инвестиционной активности, инновационного развития и источников финансирования за 2019–2025 годы. Выявлены основные проблемы, препятствующие реализации инновационных проектов, включая ограниченный доступ к долгосрочным финансовым ресурсам, недостаточное развитие венчурного финансирования, высокую стоимость банковских кредитов и низкий уровень коммерциализации результатов научных исследований. Предложены научно обоснованные направления совершенствования механизмов финансирования, предусматривающие развитие государственно-частного партнерства, проектного и венчурного финансирования, использование государственных гарантий, инновационных фондов, цифровых финансовых платформ и инструментов рынка капитала.

Ushbu maqolada banklarda zamonaviy tarmoqlar infratuzilmasini tashkil etish va rivojlantirishning nazariy hamda amaliy jihatlari yoritilgan. Bank axborot tizimlarining uzluksiz ishlashini ta’minlash, ma’lumotlarni tezkor va xavfsiz uzatish, filiallar, ma’lumotlar markazlari, bankomatlar, mobil va internet-banking xizmatlarini yagona tarmoq orqali integratsiyalash masalalari tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, SD-WAN, bulutli texnologiyalar, virtualizatsiya, Zero Trust, tarmoq segmentatsiyasi, zaxira aloqa kanallari va avtomatlashtirilgan monitoring tizimlaridan foydalanishning afzalliklari ko‘rib chiqilgan. Tadqiqot natijasida bank tarmog‘ining ishonchliligi, axborot xavfsizligi, tezkorligi va masshtablanuvchanligini oshirishga qaratilgan takliflar ishlab chiqilgan.

Personal status constitutes one of the most significant domains of private international law, as issues relating to marriage, divorce, filiation, guardianship, legal capacity, and succession frequently involve conflicts among different legal systems. The determination of the applicable law in such matters plays a fundamental role in safeguarding legal certainty, protecting individual rights, and ensuring the stability of family relationships. The legal systems of Iran and Afghanistan, despite their shared Islamic legal heritage and cultural affinities, have developed distinct approaches to the resolution of conflict-of-laws issues concerning personal status. This study aims to undertake a comparative analysis of the conflict-of-laws rules governing personal status in the legal systems of Iran and Afghanistan. Employing a descriptive-analytical and comparative methodology, the research examines the conceptual foundations of personal status, the principal connecting factors utilized in determining the applicable law, and the legal treatment of key institutions such as marriage, divorce, parent–child relations, guardianship, tutorship, and legal capacity. Particular attention is devoted to the role of nationality as the primary connecting factor in both jurisdictions and to the challenges arising from characterization, public policy, multiple nationality, statelessness, and cross-border family relations. The findings indicate that both legal systems predominantly adhere to the nationality principle in matters of personal status, reflecting the close relationship between an individual’s legal identity and the state of nationality. Nevertheless, differences exist in the scope of application, judicial interpretation, and mechanisms adopted to address contemporary transnational legal disputes. The study further demonstrates that increasing international mobility, migration, and the emergence of complex family relationships necessitate a more flexible and functional approach to conflict-of-laws rules, particularly through greater consideration of factors such as habitual residence and the best interests of vulnerable persons. The article concludes that while the nationality-based approach continues to provide stability and predictability in personal status matters, legal reforms aimed at enhancing flexibility and accommodating modern transnational realities would contribute significantly to the effectiveness and fairness of private international law in both Iran and Afghanistan.