Bugungi kundа Аfgʻоnistоn zаminidа dаvоm еtаyоtgаn nоtinсh vаziyаt nаtijаsidа jаfоkаsh аfgʻоn xаlqi аzоb-uqubаtlаrni bоshidаn kесhirmоqdа. Аfgʻоnistоndа yuz bеrаyоtgаn nоtinсh vаziyаtni hаl еtishdаn mаnfааtdоr bоʻlgаn tоmоnlаr yоki аksinсhа bundаy vаziyаtni dаvоm еtishidаn mаnfааtdоr bоʻlgаn kuсhlаr hаm mаvjud. Buning аsоsiy sаbаblаridаn biri sifаtidа, Аfgʻоnistоnning gеоgrаfik jоylаshuvigа kоʻrа hаm Mаrkаziy Оsiyо mintаqаsining xаvfsizlik vа rivоjlаnish istiqbоlidа shuningdеk, ikki mintаqаning bir-biri bilаn bоgʻlаnishidа kоʻprik vаzifаsini оʻtаshi bilаn muhim аhаmiyаt kаsb еtаdi.

This article examines modern observation methods used in educational settings to assess student activity and engagement during the learning process. Through a comprehensive analysis of contemporary pedagogical literature, the study investigates various systematic observation techniques, their theoretical foundations, and practical applications in classroom environments. The analysis reveals that structured observation protocols, when combined with technological innovations and culturally sensitive assessment frameworks, significantly enhance the accuracy and reliability of student activity evaluation.

This article investigates the use of CAD/CAE systems in additive manufacturing within Uzbekistan’s mechanical engineering industry. Based on international examples, it explores how digital design and simulation tools can be integrated with modern 3D printing technologies. The research highlights practical benefits such as improved efficiency, reduced costs, and higher product quality, supported by examples from global practice. The study also considers the potential impact of adopting these technologies in Uzbekistan, including opportunities for innovation, increased competitiveness, and sustainable industrial development. The findings provide recommendations for local enterprises and policymakers on how to effectively implement advanced manufacturing technologies while addressing local challenges.

Maqalada kitapxanalarda reklamanıń hár qıylı usıllarınan paydalanıwdıń áhmiyeti haqqında sóz etiledi.

Organik sintez organik kimyoning asoslaridan bo‘lib, oddiy yoki murakkab moddalardan yangi organik birikmalarni sun’iy yo‘l bilan hosil qilish jarayoni hisoblanadi. Bu jarayonlarni chuqurroq o’rganish va tahlil qilish uchun uglerod mavzusini o’rganish juda muhim. Ushbu mavzu o‘quvchilarning ilmiy dunyoqarashini kengaytirish, tabiatdagi jarayonlarni mantiqiy tushuntirish va kimyo faniga bo‘lgan qiziqishni oshirishga xizmat qiladi. Ushbu maqolada uglerod mavzusini o’qitishda “O‘ylang, Juftlaning, Ayting”, “Kaft” metodlaridan hamda “Uzum pishdi bog‘ga kir” o‘yinidan foydalanib darsni tashkil qilish metodikasi va uning natijalari haqida ma’lumot berilgan.