Mazkur maqolada 1868–1917 yillar oralig‘ida Samarqand viloyatida yuz bergan madaniy jarayonlar tahlil qilinadi. Rus imperiyasi tarkibiga qo‘shilishdan so‘ng hududda yuzaga kelgan ijtimoiy-madaniy o‘zgarishlar, yangi ta’lim tizimi, matbuot, teatr va boshqa madaniy institutlarning shakllanishi va ularning mahalliy jamiyat hayotiga ta’siri yoritilgan.

This scientific paper explores the general pathophysiological mechanisms of inflammation, a fundamental biological response to harmful stimuli such as infection, injury, or immune dysregulation. The study provides a comprehensive overview of the key stages of inflammation, including initiation, amplification, and resolution, as well as the complex cellular and molecular components involved. Special emphasis is placed on immune cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, along with inflammatory mediators including cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins, and nitric oxide. The work distinguishes between acute and chronic inflammation, explaining their unique features, triggers, and pathological consequences. Disruption in this process is highlighted as a major contributor to long-term inflammatory conditions such as autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Clinical implications, diagnostic markers, and therapeutic strategies targeting specific pathways of inflammation are also addressed. This research is intended to serve as a valuable resource for students of medical and biological sciences, healthcare professionals, and researchers interested in immunology and disease mechanisms.

Temuriylar davri (XIV–XV asrlar) Markaziy Osiyoda madaniyat va san’atning yuksalishiga zamin yaratgan eng muhim tarixiy bosqichlardan biridir. Amir Temur va uning vorislari — xususan, Mirzo Ulug‘bek — ilm-fan, adabiyot, me’morchilik va tasviriy san’atni davlat siyosatining ajralmas qismi sifatida rivojlantirdilar. Bu davrda Samarqand, Hirot, Buxoro kabi shaharlarda madaniy va ilmiy markazlar shakllandi. Alisher Navoiy, Kamoliddin Behzod, Mirzo Ulug‘bek kabi buyuk siymolar ilm-fan, san’at va adabiyotda yuksak cho‘qqilarni zabt etdilar. Temuriylar homiyligida qurilgan me’moriy obidalar, yozma manbalar va miniatyura san’ati Sharq Uyg‘onishining yorqin namunasi sifatida e’tirof etiladi. Bu davr madaniy merosi bugungi kungacha o‘z ahamiyatini yo‘qotmagan bo‘lib, o‘zbek xalqining tarixiy va madaniy o‘zligida muhim o‘rin egallaydi. Maqolada temuriylar davrida san’atning o‘rni va rivojlanishi yoritiladi

This study examines the relationship between teaching experience, professional certification, and educators' effectiveness in contemporary educational settings. Through comprehensive literature analysis, this research explores how years of teaching experience and various certification programs contribute to professional development and student learning outcomes. The analysis reveals that while teaching experience provides practical knowledge and classroom management skills, formal certification programs offer structured professional development opportunities that enhance pedagogical competencies.

Markazlashtirilgan laboratoriyalar sog‘liqni saqlash tizimida diagnostika xizmatlarini yaxshilash va samaradorlikni oshirish maqsadida tashkil etilgan muhim infratuzilma hisoblanadi. Ularning asosiy vazifasi – turli tibbiyot muassasalaridan kelayotgan tahlil namunalari bilan ishlash, yuqori sifatli va tezkor diagnostika natijalarini taqdim etishdir. Bu laboratoriyalar markazlashtirilgan tizim sifatida faoliyat yuritadi, ya’ni bir nechta klinik va shifoxona laboratoriyalarining vazifalarini o‘z zimmasiga oladi va ularni yagona boshqaruv ostida birlashtiradi. Bu yondashuv diagnostika jarayonlarini optimallashtirishga, resurslarni samarali taqsimlashga va xizmat ko‘rsatish sifatini oshirishga imkon beradi.