Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have become a cornerstone in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. Among them, semaglutide stands out as one of the most potent agents, demonstrating robust glycemic control, substantial weight reduction, and cardiovascular risk mitigation. GLP-1 agonists exert their effects through glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppression of glucagon release, delayed gastric emptying, and central appetite regulation. Semaglutide, with its extended half-life and convenient weekly dosing, offers superior metabolic outcomes compared to earlier GLP-1 analogs. Landmark trials such as SUSTAIN, STEP, and SELECT highlight its efficacy in glycemic control, weight loss, and cardiovascular event reduction. Despite its benefits, semaglutide is associated with gastrointestinal side effects and rare risks such as pancreatitis. This review synthesizes current knowledge on GLP-1 agonists, emphasizing semaglutide’s mechanisms, clinical efficacy, safety profile, and future innovations in metabolic medicine.

Ushbu maqolada boshlangʻich taʼlim tizimida dars samaradorligini oshirishning dolzarb masalalari ilmiy asosda yoritilgan. Zamonaviy pedagogik yondashuvlar, interfaol metodlar hamda axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalaridan foydalanishning ahamiyati tahlil qilingan. Shuningdek, O‘zbekiston Respublikasining ta’lim sohasiga oid normativ-huquqiy hujjatlari asosida ta’lim sifatini oshirish yo‘llari ko‘rib chiqilgan. Maqolada o‘qituvchining kasbiy kompetensiyasi, innovatsion faoliyati va o‘quvchilarni mustaqil fikrlashga yo‘naltirish masalalari ham yoritilgan.

Ushbu maqolada zamonaviy voleybolga xos himoya harakatlarini modellashtirilgan tartibda shakllantirish masalalari tahlil qilinadi. Tadqiqotda voleybolchilarni tayyorlash jarayonida himoya texnikasi va taktikasini samarali o‘rgatish uchun modellashtirish usullaridan foydalanishning ahamiyati yoritilgan. Xususan, o‘yin vaziyatlarini sun’iy ravishda yaratish, blok qo‘yish, qabul qilish, sug‘urib olish va joylashuv harakatlarini tizimli mashqlar orqali rivojlantirish imkoniyatlari ko‘rib chiqiladi. Shuningdek, modellashtirilgan mashg‘ulotlar sportchilarning tezkor qaror qabul qilish, koordinatsiya, reaksion tezlik hamda jamoaviy hamkorlik ko‘nikmalarini oshirishga xizmat qilishi asoslab berilgan. Tadqiqot natijalari modellashtirish asosida tashkil etilgan mashg‘ulotlar himoya samaradorligini oshirishda muhim omil ekanligini ko‘rsatadi.

Ushbu maqolada Oʻzbekiston Respublikasining diniy ekstremizmga qarshi kurashish borasidagi tajribasi ilmiy-nazariy jihatdan tahlil qilinadi. Maqolada diniy ekstremizm tushunchasi jamiyat xavfsizligiga tahdid soluvchi omil sifatida talqin etilib, uning oldini olishga qaratilgan chora-tadbirlar yoritiladi. Shuningdek, diniy bag‘rikenglikni mustahkamlash, aholi, ayniqsa yoshlar ongida sog‘lom diniy dunyoqarashni shakllantirish masalalari ochib beriladi. Maqolada ekstremizmga qarshi kurashishda huquqiy, ma’naviy-ma’rifiy hamda ijtimoiy mexanizmlarning o‘rni tahlil qilinib, mamlakatning bu boradagi o‘ziga xos yondashuvi va xalqaro hamkorlik tajribasi yoritiladi.

This article examines parody and pastiche in Gafur Gulom’s Shum Bola, a landmark of Uzbek literature. Drawing on intertextual theory, it analyzes how Gulom employs these devices to construct a two‑layered narrative: an adventure story for children and a subtle social critique for adults. Parody operates through caricatured figures (the wealthy Sariboy) and the child protagonist Qoravoy, whose perspective defamiliarizes adult hypocrisy. Pastiche integrates folk jokes, fairy‑tale motifs, and three distinct speech styles-children’s, adult’s, and authorial-into a unified literary language. The study concludes that parody and pastiche served as essential artistic strategies for navigating Soviet-era ideological constraints while addressing universal moral questions, securing the work’s lasting significance.